Microbiology Lecture Exam II

Pathogenicity is the ability to…

Virulence is the degree of …

Different portals of entry include…

Parenteral route deposited directly; when barriers…

Examples of parenteral route….

cause disease

pathogenicity

mucous membranes, skin, hair, parenteral route

into tissues beneath skin; are penetrated

injections, bites, wounds, cuts, surgery, punctures

Mucous membranes include…

Respiratory tract or ..; is the ..

Digestive system includes organisms in ..

Genital system includes portal of entry for…

respiratory, digestive/urinary/conjunctiva system

inhalation; most commonly used portal of entry

food, water, on contaminated fingers

sexually transmitted infections

ID50 is the ..

ID50 measures…

LD50 is the ..

LD50 measures the ..

Adherence is the process where almost …

Adhesins (ligands) on pathogen bind to …

infectious dose for 50% sample population

virulence of microbes

lethal dose for 50% sample population

potency of a toxin

all pathogens attach to host tissues

receptors on host cells

Glycocalyx enables …

It is the outer ..; that contributes to ..; helps form..

Fimbriae allows for ..

Viral spike are protein projections that bind to ..

Capsules impair ..; & help microbes …

bacteria to adhere to surfaces

covering; virulence; biofilms

movement

host cells & help the virus enter them

phagocytosis’ adhere to body surface

M protein resists ..; Opa protein allows…

Mycolic acid also known as..; resists…

Coagulase coagulates..; forming..

Fibrinogen & fibrin are found in..

By converting fibrinogen to fibrin, bacteria can …

phagocytosis; atachment to host cells

waxy lipid; digestion by phagocytes

fibrinogen; fibrin

our blood

protect itself from our immune system

IgA protease destroys..

In antigenic variation, pathogens…

In antigenic variation, antibodies a host made against

Invasins are surface proteins made by ..; that …

Invasins cause ..; which results in bacteria being..

IgA antibodies

alter their surface antigen

those antigens are rendered ineffective

bacteria; rearrange actin filaments of cytoskeleton

membrane ruffling; engulfed

Invasins uses actin to …

Shoots from one cell to next & can’t be detected by..

Requirement for low pH in..

Escape from ..

move from one cell to the next

outside immune cells

phagolysosome

phagosome before lysosomal fusion

Actin filaments/actin tails helps invasins…

They push pathogens…

Biofilms are …; resists ..

Plays a role in …; more resistant to ..

This is because they are shielded by..

move from one cell to the next

through cells & into neighbors

microbial communities; antibiotics & disinfectants

evading phagocytes; phagocytosis

extracellular polymeric substance of biofilm

Siderophores are proteins secreted by ..; that bind..

They host ..; iron is required for ..; they steal..

Toxins are ..; produced by ..; produce…

Toxigenicity is ability of ..

Toxemia is presence of ..

pathogens; iron more tightly than host cells

iron-binding proteins; most pathogenic bacteria; iron

poisonous substance; microbes; fever, diarrhea

microorganism to produce a toxin

toxin in the host’s blood

Intoxication is presence of..

Exotoxins are …; produced & secreted by..

In bodily fluids are..; destroy ..

Highly specific for their ..; some are highly..

toxin without microbial growth

proteins; bacteria

soluble; host cells & inhibit metabolic functions

targets; lethal

Exotoxins bacteria source ..; metabolic product of..

Membrane-disrupting toxins lyse host cells by …

Leukocidins kills ..

Hemolysins kills…

Streptolysins are hemolysins…

gram + and gram -; growing cell

disrupting plasma membranes

phagocytic leukocytes

erythrocytes by forming protein channels

produced by streptococci

Endotoxins are the ..; of ..

Present in ..; released with destruction of ..; or during

Produces..

Antitoxins are antibodies against..

Toxoids are ..

lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharides; gram - bacteria

LPS of outer membrane; cell; cell division

fever, weakness, aches, shock

specific exotoxins that provide immunity

inactivated exotoxins used in vaccines

Superantigens are exotoxins that cause ..; due to..

Causes symptoms of …

Also known as…

Lipid A is portion of ..; released during..

intense immune response; release of cytokines

fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shock, death

cytokine storm

polysaccharides; bacterial multiplication

Lipid A stimulates ..

Cause disseminated..; what kind of shock?

Endotoxic shock is a …

May weaken…

macrophages to release large quantities of cytokines

intravascular coagulation; endotoxic shock

life-threatening drop in blood volume & pressure

blood-brain barrier

Virulence plasmids carry genes that affect a ..

Lysogenic conversion changes characteristics of …

Prophage is a ..; incorporating..

Intracellular location prevents ..; from …

Many viruses use host cell surface molecules to ..

microorganisms pathogenicity

microbe due to incorporation of a prophage

bacteriophage; DNA into bacterial genome

immune response; detecting or accessing the virus

attach & gain entrance to the host cell

Cytopathic effect are visible …

Cytocidal effects are …

Noncytocidal effects result in ..

Infected cells may continue to ..

effects of viral infections

cytopathic effects that kill host cell

cell damage but not cell death

grow and divide

Most frequently isolated organisms from patients are

They are members of ..; in most ..; covered with ..

Known as what kind of pathogens?

Staphylococcus is a ..

Bacteria type?; shape; chains; clusters are…

aerobic gram-positive cocci

normal flora; body sites; skin or mucous membranes

opportunistic

facultative anaerobe

gram positive cocci; tetrad; short; grape-like

Staphylococcus aureus color..; hemolysis pattern

Catalase…; coagulase …; forms on MSA; ferments..

May be isolated from most …; either as a …

Virulence factors include …

Protein binds ..; also heat-stable…

white or golden yellow; beta-hemolytic

positive; positive; yellow colonies; mannitol

clinical specimens; colonizer or pathogen

enzyme coagulase, capsule, hemolysins, toxins

Fc region of IgG; enterotoxins

Staphylococcus toxigenic diseases include..

Other infectious diseases include ..

Opportunistic infections can be due to defects in ..

Can also be due to …

food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin

skin infections, carbuncles, bacteremia, osteomyelitis

leukocyte chemotaxis, antibodies

skin injuries, foreign bodied sutures, prosthetics

Catalase test tests for enzyme that …; into…

What % of hydrogen peroxide?

Coagulase test was helpful for differentiating …

Has latex particles coated in …

breaks down hydrogen peroxide; water & oxygen

3%

staph aureus from other staphylococcus species

IgG and fibrinogen

Slide coagulase measures …; especially the …

Tube coagulase measures ..; especially …

Coagulase converts …; & causes …

Protein a binds the …

bound coagulase; clumping factor

free coagulase; extracellular

fibrinogen to fibrin; clumping

Fc portion of antibodies

mecA gene is a …; responsible for …

It can be detected or screened using …

Oxacillin resistance is ..; mediated by the ..

Bacteria are resistant to ..; & other ..

genetic marker; methicillin resistance in staphylococci

mannitol salt agar

MRSA resistant; mecA gene

oxacillin; beta-lactam antibiotics

Staphylococcus epidermidis hemolysis pattern…

MSA medium stays ..; coagulase …

Usually part of …; capable of causing …

nonhemolytic

red; negative

normal flora; prosthetic device/shunt infections

Micrococcus growth..; bacteria type..; shapes

Micrococcus luteus color; micrococcus roseus color

Hemolysis pattern; oxidase …; found where..

Present in ..; may be considered …

May be significant when associated w/ infections in ..

obligate aerobe; gram-positive cocci; tetrad, cluster

lemon-yellow; pink

nonhemolytic; positive; skin, oropharynx

environment; skin contaminants

those who are immunocompromised

Staphylococcus saprophyticus color..; hemolysis?

Kind of pathogen? associated with…

Resistance?

Novobiocin primarily used for identifying …

Urease …

bright white; nonhemolytic

urinary; urinary tract infections

novobiocin

staph saprophyticus from other coag-neg staph

positive

Staph. lugdenesis is not frequently associated with …

Mostly isolated as …; can resemble & behave like …

Can cause ..; which is accompanied by ..

Important to distinguish from ..

clinically significant infections

normal flora; staph aureus

endocarditis; high morbidity & mortality rate

staph aureus for appropriate treatment

Streptococcaceae includes …

Genus enterococcus species includes ..

Gram positive cocci in pairs/chains is ..; has..; with..

Culture media …; hemolysis pattern; growth..; prefer

b-hemolytic group, a-hemolytic, viridans group

e. faecalis & e.faecium

s. pneumoniae; lancet shaped diplococci; capsule

sheep blood agar; hemolytic; facultative anaerobe

Beta-lactamase is a bacterial enzyme that causes …

Beta-hemolysis is the complete…; creating distinct..

Includes ..; hemolysis pattern…

Catalase ..; lancefield grouping has to do

antibiotic resistance by breaking beta-lactim ring

destruction & lysis of red blood cells; colorless zone

lancefield grouping; beta hemolytic

negative; carbs on cell wall

Alpha hemolysis is the ..; causes what color

This is because of …

Gamma-hemolysis had …; red blood cells remained

Lancefield grouping included..; they were …

partial breakdown of red blood cells; green

released hydrogen peroxide by the bacteria

no hemolysis; intact & unchanged

A, B, C. F. G; carbohydrates on cell wall

Group A strep or ..; has wide zone of …

Has 2 ..; called…; responsible for …

There could be a ..; if only ..

It is a pathogenic ..; usually has a surface …

Normally sensitive to …

s. pyogenes; beta-hemolysis

hemolysins; strep S & O; beta-hemolysis

false negative; strep O is produced

strep; M protein

penicillin, cephalosporins, vancomycin

Biological tests for group a strep…

All negatives should be followed by a ..; because of..

Group A strep has …; released when..; turns into

Poststreptococcal sequelae are…

Mediated by..; has

antigen detection systems

culture; low sensitivity

enzymes & exotoxins; pharyngitis; scarlet fever

conditions that develop after Group A strep

protein M; rheumatic fever & acute glomerulonephritis

Scarlet fever usually affects …

Symptoms include..

If left untreated, can lead to …

Rheumatic fever is an ..; where immune system ..

Leading to …; this occurs after what infection?

Symptoms include..

children

red rash, fever, sore throat, strawberry tongue

heart, kidney damage, rheumatic fever

autoimmune disease; attacks its own cell

inflammation; streptococcal

joint pain, fever, rash, heart inflammation

Acute glomerulonephritis is damage to the ..

Symptoms include ..

Group A strep causes …

If left untreated, can develop…; such as ..

Can also cause strep..; or ..; which can lead to …

glomerulus or kidney

decreased urine, swelling, high BP, protein in urine

pharyngitis, tonsillitis, scarlet fever, wound infections

toxic shock; necrotizing fasciitis; loss of limbs

Group B strep or …; hemolysis pattern..

CAMP test …; hemolysis pattern of some strains…

Virulence factors include..

Associated with neonatal infections such as ..

Can also cause ..; like ..

s. agalactiae; beta-hemolytic

positive; nonhemolytic

sialic acid capsule, beta-hemolysin, stillbirth

meningitis, septicemia, pneumonia

postpartum infections; bacteremia, endometritis

CDC recommends screening all ..; at ..

What specimen is collected on swab?

Media used …

expectant patients; 35-37 weeks gestation

rectal & vaginal

selective media

Strep. pneumoniae bacteria type; chains; may …

Capsule visible as ..; what strains produce a capsule

It is the most common cause of …

Organism is the cause of diseases …

Can also cause…

Are vaccines available?

gram positive diplococci; short; overdecolorize

halo; virulent strains

community-acquired pneumonia

otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis

endocarditis, septic arthritis, peritonitis, pericarditis

yes

Strep. pneumonia hemolysis pattern..; may be ..

Growth may be better …

What can occur w/o CO2 or in liquid medium?

After colonization, what may occur…; resulting in ..

Antiphagocytic capsule are when …

alpha-hemolytic; mucoid or umbilicated

anaerobically or in CO2

autolysis

local invasion; access to bloodstream/lymph system

nonencapsulated strains are avirulent

S. C, G, F are members of what species?

Group C & G may be clinically significant as a …

As small colony, they are usually …; in …

Group F grows as …

May be significant if isolated from …

streptococcus

large colony

normal flora; upper respiratory or genital tracts

small, pinpoint colony w/ buttered popcorn odor

sterile body sites

Streptolysin S is …

Streptolysin O is …; or …

Bile esculin is a ..; used to identify…; and group …

Bile esculin is what medium; contains..; to inhibit…

stable in oxygen environment

labile; unstable in oxygen environment

biochemical test; enterococcus species; D strep

selective & differential; bile salts; gram + growth

CAMP test is a …; used to identify..

These species produce a ..; known as ..

This acts ..; with ..; produced by ..

When both agents interact on blood agar, they cause

biochemical test; strep agalactiae & listeria

diffusible, heat-stable protein; CAMP factor

synergistically; beta-hemolysin; staph aureus

zone of red blood cell lysis

Enterotoxin is a ..; released by ..; that target..

This causes…

Mannitol salt agar is what media? contains…

Only species that grow at high salt concentrations

Contains ..; what species can ferment mannitol

Whats added as color indicator?

protein exotoxin; microbes; intestinal mucosa

diarrhea, fluid loss, or vomiting

selective & differential; 7.5% NaCl

staphylococcus species

1% mannitol; staph. aureus

phenol red

On mannitol salt agar, staph, aureus will appear as

Other staph species will appear as …

Obligate aerobe requires ..; Facultative anaerobe ..

vanA & vanB are both..; meaning they…

vanC is ..; so it cannot be ..

yellow

red

oxygen; can grow with or without oxygen

acquired; can be shared

intrinsic; shared

Viridans streptococci hemolysis pattern..

Growth may be enhanced w/…

Members of this group are associated with ..

alpha or nonhemolytic

CO2

endocarditis, bacteremia, meningitis

Endocarditis is the ..

Usually from ..

Frequently caused by…

Accounts for 50-60% of cases of..

Responsible for..

inflammation of heart caused by infection

vegetations that form on the heart

normal flora of the mouth

subacute bacterial endocarditis

gingivitis & dental caries

Gram+ cocci, clusters/tetrads, catalase + species

Significant tests for those species are ..

S. saprophyticus is a ..; s. lugdunensis can act as..

S. epidermidis is ..; found on…

Micrococcus luteus color; roseus color..

staphylococcus & micrococcus

catalase & coagulase

UTI pathogen; staph aureus

normal flora; skin

yellow; pink

Test that can differentiate bt s. aureus & other staph?

Staph aureus will … mannitol; so it will turn..

Protein A does what?

Does this by grabbing the ..; grabs..; orienting it..

What species has protein A?

mannitol salt agar or mannitol fermentation

ferment; yellow while others turn red

neutralizes antibodies

wrong end of the antibody; Fc region; backwards

Staph aureus

Coagulase turns ..

Makes a ..; to protect bacteria from…

What species has coagulase?

Disease s. aureus can cause due to toxin production

What diseases in general can it cause?

fibrinogen into fibrin

protein coat; body immune system

staph aureus

food poisoning

skin/soft tissue infections, furuncle, impetigo

MRSA stands for ..

Resistance may be due to ..; or …

Gene has been designated as ..; which means..

Testing available for MRSA detection..; to do what..

methicillin-resistant S. aureus

enzyme; presence of PBP, PBP2a on cell surface

mecA gene; oxacillin resistant

PCR testing; de-escalate/escalate antibiotic tx

VISA stands for …

VRSA stands for …

What genes code for these?

CNS stands for …; meaning any staph that is …

vancomycin intermediate

vancomycin resistant SA

vanA & vanB

coagulase-negative staph; staph aureus

Does s. epidermidis cause infection? it is normal flora

What color does MSA turn when it grows?

Which staph species is associated with UTI’s

Why’s s. lugdunensis a wolf in sheeps clothing

no; yes its found on the skin

red as it doesnt ferment mannitol

s. saprophyticus

can behave like s. aureus but its coagulase neg staph

Is micrococcus normal flora?

What pigments can micrococcus species produce?

Gram + cocci chains/pairs, cat - is species

Significant tests for this species

Name of group A strep; name of Group B strep

yes

ludeus & roseus

streptococcus

catalase, lancefield grouping, bile esculin, CAMP

S. pyogenes; S. agalactiae

Enterococcus hemolysis pattern..; catalase..

May carry …; normal flora of the ..

Associated with ..; & nosocomial..

Also associated with nosocomial …

Species include…

These species are what kind of resistance…

alpha or nonhemolytic; negative

vancomycin resistance genes (vanA, vanB, vanC)

community-acquired; urinary tract infections

wound & soft tissue infections

enterococcus faecalis & enterococcus faecium

plasmid mediated

S. bovis group or ..; hemolysis pattern

Resembles ..; but is …

S. gallolyticus in bloodstream infections can mean..

Known as normal flora in ..; from this can spread to

Infections include …; associated with …

group D strep; alpha or nonhemolytic

enterococcus species; PYR negative

GI cancer

GI system; bloodstream or genitourinary system

bacteremia & endocarditis; colorectal malignancies

Beta-hemolytic means organism…

Lancefield grouping is based on ..

Another name for Group A strep..

If child visits UR w/ rapid strep and is neg, why PCR?

completely destroys and breaks down red blood cells

carbs on cell wall

S. pyogenes

low sensitivity, false neg can mean scarlet fever

Scarlet fever symptoms..

Rheumatic fever symptoms…

Acute glomerulonephritis symptoms..

Other severe outcomes of Group A strep?

red rash, fever, sore throat, white patches on tonsils

joint pain, fever, rash, heart inflammation

glomerulus damage, swelling, high BP, urine protein

amputations, necrotizing fasciitis

Another name for Group B strep…

Why expectant patient screened for B strep 35-37 wk

What infections can group B strep cause for newborn

Alpha-hemolytic means…; blood agar plate turns..

What makes S. pneumoniae appear mucoid?

S. galactiae

newborns can get meningitis

meningitis, blood stream infections, stillbirth

partial red blood cell lysis; green

capsule

S. pneumoniae is most common cause of ..

What else can S. pneumoniae cause ..

Are vaccines available?

Poor oral hygiene can cause ..; to enter..; attach to ..

What strep can cause endocarditis?

community-acquired pneumoniae

ear infections, meningitis

yes

normal flora; bloodstream; heart & grow vegetations

viridan

Can enterococcus be normal flora? what body part?

Infection does not care about enterococcus w/ gene?

Why?

vanA/vanB are …; carried on..; can turn into..; which..

yes; gut/intestines

vanC

it is intrinsic so it cannot be shared unlike vanA/vanB

acquired; plasmids; VRSA; can’t be treated

VRE stands for ..

2 species of most concern if someones + for VRE

What might someone have if they have a bloodstream infection caused by S. bovis group?

vancomycin resistant enterococcus

faecalis & faecium

GI or colon cancer

Bulk of enterobacteriales are in the ..

If pink on MacConkey, that organism is a ..; if clear…

E. coli is what kind of lactose fermenter?

MSA can help differentiate between…

small intestine

lactose fermenter; nonlactose fermenter

vigorous

S. aureus and other staph species

Enterobacteriales shape?; growth..; ferments..

Oxidase..; reduces …; all grows ..

Many are ..

Where can enteric organisms be found?

Yersinia pestis is transmitted by an ..

gram - rods; facultatively anaerobic; glucose

negative; nitrate to nitrite; well on MacConkey

motile

normal microbiota of human & animal GI

insect vector

MacConkey agar media is..; includes ..

Which works to inhibit..

When fermented, lactose forms..; lowers..; turns..

When lactose isn’t fermented, what forms?

MacConkey w/ sorbitol just uses…

selective & differential; crystal violet & bile salts

gram positives & fastidious organisms

lactic acid; pH; pink

colorless colonies

sorbitol instead of lactose

Eosine Methylene Blue agar media is ..; contains..

Differentiates..

Vigorous lactose fermentors produce..

Slow fermenters will go from..; non-fermenter appear

O antigen is ..; H antigen is ..; K antigen is ..

selective & differential; lactose & sucrose

lactose fermenting from nonlactose fermenters

green metallic sheen

brown/pink colonies to dark purple; colorless

somatic; flagellar; capsular

Opportunistic pathogen is usually ..

Generally, doesn’t initiate ..; in ..

Generally, causes ..; in people who are ..

Intestinal pathogens are not usually..

Intestinal pathogens have greater ..

normal microbiota

disease; healthy human hosts

disease; immunocompromised

normal microbiota

virulence factors than opportunistic enteric pathogens

Enteric pathogens include ..

Escherichieae include ..

Escherichia is the most often ..

Causes ..

In immunosuppressed causes..; in neonates causes..

escherichieae & escherichia

escherichia & shigella

recovered in clinical lab

gram negative sepsis, UTIs, wound infections

pneumonia; meningitis

E. coli bacteria type? color colonies on blood agar

Hemolysis pattern..; colonies on MAC

Color on EMB; most ferments ..

Oxidase ..; indole ..

gram negative rods; gray colonies

beta-hemolytic; dry & pink

green metallic sheen; lactose

negative; positive

E. coli infections include ..

Extraintestinal includes …

Intestinal includes ..

extraintestinal, intestinal, enterotoxigenic, invasive

uropathogenic & meningitis-sepsis

enterohemorrhagic & shiga producing e.coli

Uropathogenic is the common cause of ..

Meningitis-sepsis causes..; positive for ..

Enterohemorrhagic/shiga toxin e.coli doesn’t…

It causes …

urinary tract infections

neonatal meningitis; K1 antigen

ferment sorbitol on MAC plate

hemorrhagic diarrhea & hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Enterotoxigenic causes ..; known as..

Produces ..

Enteroinvasive is ..

Result of ..; produces ..

What do you call E. coli that results in meningitis

watery diarrhea; traveler’s diarrhea

heat-labile & heat-stable enterotoxin cholera like toxins

water to bloody diarrhea

direct invasion of cells of colon; shiga-like toxins

meningitis-sepsis

Serotype E.coli causes bloody diarrhea & result in HUS

Escherichia coli causes …

Also causes .. (also known as HUS)

HUS symptoms include ..

Low platelet count can cause ..

What differentiates it from other e.coli strains

escherichia coli O157:H7

bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis

hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

hemolytic anemia, low platelet count

kidney failure & death

MAC sorbitol agar

Shigella bacteria type..; colonies are ..

Motility..; fermenter…; H2S pos or neg..

Ferments …; but has no..

Produces negative …; distinguishing it from …

What kind of toxins?

gram negative rod; transparent

nonmotile; nonlactose fermenter; negative

glucose & other carbs; gas production

motility, citrate, H2S reactions; salmonella

endotoxin & shiga-toxin

Shigatoxin toxins include ..

Shigellosis is also known as ..

Causes ..

Also causes an intense..; presence of what in stool

It is the most …; highly…

enterotoxin & neurotoxin

bacillary dysentery

fever, watery diarrhea w/ cramping, & myalgias

inflammatory response; bright red blood & pus/mucus

communicable of all bacterial diarrheas; infectious

How can shigella be transmitted?

In shigella, humans are the ..; found in ..

Shigella sonnei are the most ..

Shigella dysenteriae is the least ..; but most..; causes

Shigella causes …

contaminated food or water

only reservoir; intestines of humans

commonly associated w/ diarrheal disease

commonly recovered; virulent; HUS

bloody diarrhea

Salmonella is caused by …; contaminated by..

Most found in ..; ½ salmonella epidemic is result of

Also connected to what diseases

Gallbladder reservoir for ..; enterocolitis isolated from

Antibiotic tx of entercolitis can result in ..

ingestion of food, water, milk; human or animal feces

intestine of humans & animals; contaminated poultry

typhoid fever, bacteremia, enterocolitis

carrier state; blood, stool, urine

carrier state

If someone is carrier for salmonella, where does it live

Yersinia pestis is the cause of ..; endemic in ..

Transmitted to humans by..; what sort of agent?

What kind of fermenter? oxidase, indole, urease

intestinal tract

bubonic plague; rodents

rat flea; bioterror

non-lactose; negative

Yersinia enterocolitica carriers include ..

Associated with ..; related to ..

Commonly..; mimics …; urease…; ferments..

dogs, cats, rodents, pigs, cattle

food-borne illness; undercooked food products

isolated; appendicitis; positive; sucrose

Klebsiella is mucoid because of ..; bacteria type

Inhabits the..; causes ..

All strains of klebsiella pneumoniae are resistant to

VP..; citrate & urea …

capsule; gram negative rod

nasopharynx & GI tract; pneumonia, septicemia, UTIs

ampicillin

positive; positive

Klebsiella pneumoniaea colonies are ….; indole..

Significant cause of ..

Is Klebsiella normal flora? Is it opportunistic?

glistening, large & mucoid; negative

respiratory especially pneumonia & UTIs

yes; yes

Serratia’s most important member…

Associated with …; in patients receiving…

Medical devices associated with ..; includes ..

What kind of fermenters? ferments ..; without..

Some produce..; most clinical isolates are ..

S. marcescens

pneumonia & septicemia; chemotherapy

infection; urinary catheters & IV fluids

non-lactose; glucose; gas production

bright red pigment; achromogenic or nonpigmented

Proteus, morganella, providencia all are ..; most are..

Proteus are found in ..; exhibit what characteristic

Proteus mirabilis are most frequently..; cause…

phenylalanine deaminase pos; urea positive & motile

soil, water, fecal contaminated things; swarming motility

recovered; UTI, wound infections

Non-fermentative bacilli prefer ..; not usually part of ..

Most are ..; does not ferment..; non-fermenters can be..

Nonfermenting gram - rods show ..

What odors? Many are ..

wet environments; healthy human normal flora

environmental organisms; carbs; oxidase positive

poor growth on Macconkey agar

sweet, fruity; multi-drug resistant

Pseudomonas aeruginosa type? hemolysis pattern

Pigments it can produce…

Odor? may be …; produce..; which is characteristic in ..

Can cause what infections

gram - rods; beta-hemolytic

bluish, green, red, brown

sweet & fruity (grape); mucoid; alginate; CF patients

respiratory, eye, CF, swimmer’s ear, burn, pneumonia

Pseudomonas aeruginosa blue pigment name

Green pigment name; red pigment name; brown name

Cystic fibrosis is a ..; that causes the body to produce

Leads to ..

pyocyanin

pyoverdine; pyorubin; pyomelanin

genetic disorder; thick, sticky mucus instead of thin fluids

lung damage and infections

Burkholderia cepacia complex shape? organism type

Associated with…; other infections like ..

Odor? Pigments? Fermenter type?

Used as …; in addition to ..

Very difficult to ..

gram negative rods; environmental

cystic fibrosis patients; UTI, dermatitis, osteomyelitis

dirtlike; yellow or green; nonlactose fermenter

screening media; routine culture in CF patients

eradicate

If CF pt has burkholderia cepacia, exclude what tx?

Because prognosis is ..; they would …

Serratia marcescens is ..

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is ..

P. aeruginosa produces alginate capsule under..

In what patients in particular?

lung transplant

poor; live longer without it than with it

insoluble

soluble

extreme immune stress

CF

Proteus species exhibits …; allowing it to ..

Stenotrophomonas & acinetobacter baumanii are..

Like to be on devices such as …

Can persist on ..; type..

Flora of hospitalized patients may become colonized ..

Are a worry in ICU bc they are …; hard to ..

swarming motility; cover the entire media plate

nosocomial

tracheostomy, vents, medical devices

inanimate objects for prolonged periods; gram - bacilli

when medical devices are implanted

intrinsic and antibiotic resistance; treat

Stenotrophomonas maltophile associated with ..

Resistance kind?

Acinetobacter baumanii pathogen type

Associated with ..

MDR is ..; XDR is ..

immunosuppressed people, CF, invasive medical device

intrinsic

nosocomial

severe pneumonia, bloodstream/UTI infection, burns

mutli-drug resistant; extremely drug resistant

Haemophilus inhabits ..; very susceptible to ..

CSF should be delivered as soon as possible because

Haemophilus infleunzae most common cause of ..

Most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children

H. influenzae type b can cause ..

upper respiratory tract; drying & extreme temps

hard to obtain so dont want to make patient do it again

bacterial otitis & acute sinusitis

h. influenzae type b

pneumonia, empyema, epiglottis, celluitis, septic arthritis

H. aegyptius isolated from..; many pts have hx of

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is always a ..

Preferred testing method?

All babies delivered vaginally are given..

Why?

blood cultures; conjunctivitis

pathogen

PCR

0.5% erythromycin opthalmic solution

prevent opthalmia neonatorum or eye loss

Diseases caused by N. gonorrhoeae include …

Disseminated gonococcal infections can go to ..

Neisseria meningitidis is an opportunistic ..

Type..; may colonize ..; which results in ..

Found in what populations? oxidase/most catalase..

gonorrhea, eye infection, burning urination

joint fluids or the blood

pathogen

gram negative diplococci; oropharynx; carrier state

college dorms or military bases; positive

In pathogenic state, N. meningitidis may cause

Does it have vaccines? What may occur with these?

Aerobic gram positive rod isolates include..

Anaerobic gram + spore forming rods include species

meningococcemia or N. meningitidis in blood

yes; shock & organ failure

bacillus, corynebacterium, listeria

clostridium & clostridiodes

Bacillus species form..; humans acquire infection when

This can be through what methods

Bacillus anthracis category..; type?; hemolysis pattern

Catalase..; consistency of ..; toxins include..

Characteristics

Can get it through..

endospores; inoculated with endospores

traumatic introduction-cutaneous, ingestion, inhalation

A agent; gram + rods; nonhemolytic

positive; beaten egg white; edema & lethal toxin

ground glass & medusa head

cutaneous anthrax, GI anthrax, inhalational, injectional

Most common route of transmission for B. anthracis

Most fatal is ..

Spores of B. anthracis enter body through..

Germination of spores produce; these produce; causing

Death due to ..; occur 1-7 days after exposure

Virulence factors include ..

cutaneous anthrax

inhalational

breaks in skin, inhalation, ingestion

vegetative cells; exotoxin; necrosis & edema

septicemia, toxemia, pulmonary complications

capsule & toxins

Cutaneous anthrax is the majority of ..

Inoculation of endospores occurs through; produces..

Gastrointestinal is ..; endospores are ..

Transmission routes include..; mortality resulting from..

Inhalation (Woolsorters disease) is ..; due to inhalation

Spreads to ..; before becoming..; patients demonstrate…

infections

break in skin; black, necrotic, painless lesion or eschar

rare but fatal; ingested

oral or oropharyngeal; toxemia & sepsis

highly fatal; of endospores from animal exposure

lymph nodes; systemic; abnormal chest x-rays

Injectional is associated with ..

Symptoms differ significantly from..

Lesion/eschar is ..; present as ..; disseminates causing

contaminated drugs of abuse

cutaneous anthrax

absent; severe soft tissue infection; septic shock

Bacillus cereus type? hemolysis pattern

This hemolysis pattern rules out? associated with ..

Virulence factors include..

It is the sporadic cause of ..; local infections include ..

gram positive rods; beta-hemolytic

B. anthracis; GI/local/systemic infections

spores & exotoxins

food poisoning; postsurgical wound, burns, eye infection

Clostridium spp. produces ..; it is part of ..

Some species can be ..; tendency to easily ..

Clostridium perfringens are the most common..

Numerous enzymes/toxins are responsible for ..

Most common agent of ..; can cause severe..; due to ..

powerful exotoxins & endospores; intestinal tract flora

aerotolerant; decolorize on gram stain

isolated species in tissue and blood

tissue necrosis & muscle damage

myonecrosis/gas gangrene; food poisoning; enterotoxin

Clostridium tetani type? has what spores?

Found in ..; causative agent of; muscle spasms begin in

Disease rare due to ..; produces powerful ..; causing..

gram positive rod; terminal

environment; tetanus; jaw & progresses to rest of body

DPT vaccine; neurotoxin; constant muscle contraction

Clostridium botulinum organism is found in..

Lethal ..; associated with ..

Causative agent of ..; type..; causes …; after..

Cause of what paralysis..

Botulinum can be used for ..

soil & water

exotoxin; consumption of contaminated food

botulism; gram + rod; infant botulism; spore ingestion

flaccid

botox

Clostridium difficiles is the most common cause of..

Also of ..

Culture isn’t recommended bc individuals can be..

Clinically significant when it produces ..

Important ..; individual colonized by spores in ..

antibiotic-associated diarrhea

pseudomembranous colitis

colonized in intestine

toxins

nosocomial pathogen; environment