APES Summer Packet Test

Describe the conditions on early Earth

-covered in clouds of dust particles

-atmosphere was thick and dense with lots of water vapor, carrying and holding C02

-Water was able to be conserved through balance then building up in liquid form/ bodies of water

What happened to the carbon that poisoned the atmosphere?

Its actually still here but imprisoned in the Earths crust, tiny microorganisms absorbed the carbon that had been dissolved into the water

How did the agricultural revolution change the Earth?

-It resulted in the 1st surpluses, giving birth to cities and civilizations

-New, bounty sources of food

Still the worlds most widespread occupation, grain became the yeast of life & scrabbling for food stopped

How has Earth changed in the last 60 years since the suer of oil has become more widespread?

-It has had more radical change than all previous generations of humanity

-Populations have almost tripled over 2 billion people moving to the cities

What is most of the grain in the US used for?

Transformed into livestock feed or biofuels

What led to the dramatic decline in the biodiversity of agricultural crop species?

The crops adapted to soils & climates that were replaced with the most productive/ fastest/ easiest types to manufacture/ those types took over as humans chose that

How have the cars shaped the way housing is laid out in the US and other developed countries?

-It has caused housing to be suburbs turned into homes like a castle, being a safe distance from the main city centers

-now there’s tons of uniform rows of houses huddling around dead end streets

What are your thoughts on how the video portrays Dubai? Is it self sustainable?

-There is little to no green in site, tons of buildings packed together.

-This will not be sustainable as it relies on imports for SIMPLE and CRUCIAL things like water and food

Rainforests are cut down to make farmland for which products/ crops?

-Cattle ranches and soybean farms where 95% of these soybeans feed poultry in Europe & Asia “Forests turned into meat”

-diversity also cut down to harvest things like eucalyptus and oil palm

What makes the growth of Lagos different from how most other cities grow?

Went from 700,000 to 16 million in 2025-1950

-One of the fastest growing as new arrivals are mainly farmed forced off the land, new type of urban growth due to a strive to survive rather just prosper

Where does the water from Greenland’s melting ice sheet go?

-The freshwater of a whole continent flows into the salt of the oceans, causing sea levels to rise

-IF this continues, will rise nearly 7 meters and low lying lands around the globe will be threatened

Why are the glaciers of mountains so important for the people in the lowlands?

They trap the water as ice, releasing it in the summer when snow melts, becoming rivers, steady sources of water

What is the difference between an element and a compound? 2 examples of each

-An element is a pure substance made of one type of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances like carbon or oxygen

-A compound is a substance made when 2 or more diff elements are chemically bonded together (water or carbon dioxide)

Picture of a carbon atom

Protons and neutrons inside, concentric rings with electrons around

The pH scale is a logarithmic scale that measures the acidity of a solution based on its concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). In context of pH what is a logarithmic scale?

IT means that each whole number change or jump represents a 10 percent change in hydrogen ion concentration

pH 6 has 10 times more H+ ions than pH 7

pH 5 has 100 times more H+ ions than pH 7

Organic Vs inorganic compounds and 2 examples of each

-Organic: contain carbon hydrogen bonds like glucose (C6H12O6) or methane (CH4)

-inorganic: lack C-H bonds and typically don’t contain carbon, but not every carbon containing is organic (water h20) (sodium chloride NaCl)

Differing qualities of eukaryotic versus prokaryotic

-Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles, have nucleus, larger, animal plants fungi

-Prokaryotes: don’t have membrane bound, no nucleus, smaller, algae and bacteria

What does it mean to be a genetically modified organism (GMO) in terms of genes and DNA?

A GMO is an organism whose DNA has been intentionally modified using genetic engineering, scientists can identify a particular gene and modify remove or add genetical material, putting altered DNA into an organism

What is a combustion reactions, give 2 examples

It occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen (02) and releases energy, usually as heat and or light (Fuel +02= energy)

Example 1: methane CH4+202= C02 +H20

Example 2: propane: C3H8+502=3C02+4H20

Nuclear fission and which radioactive elements are most commonly used to produce power using nuclear fission?

Nuclear fission is when a large atomic nucleus splits into smaller nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy (Uranium 235 and Plutonium 239 most commonly used)

How is fission different from nuclear fusion?

Fusion is smaller nuclei together turned into a larger nucleus and energy while fission is a big nuclear turned into smaller nuclei and energy

Explain the 1st law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed or transferred , example: chemical energy in food goes to chemical energy in your cells and is turned into movement and heat and the total energy of this is CONSERVED

Explain the 2nd law of thermodynamics

Energy transfers increase entropy (disorder), whenever energy is transferred or transformed, some energy becomes less useful, usually being released as heat ENERGY WASTED EVERYTIME ITS TRANSFERRED

Example: When you eat an apple, your body uses its chemical energy to move, breathe, and think. That process is never 100% efficient. Your body converts some of that energy into useful motion, but a large portion turns into heat that radiates into the room, spreading out

-A broken glass: A dropped drinking glass shatters into dozens of messy pieces. There is only one way for the pieces to fit together as an unbroken glass, but thousands of ways for them to scatter. The glass will never spontaneously jump back together.

What are the levels of ecosystems and what elves include both abiotic and biotic factors?

organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome (ecosystem and biome ar e levels)

Competition

Loose Loose

Organisms fighting over a resource like food or shelter, limiting population size, examples lions and hyenas fighting over zebras

Predation

Win loose

When one organism uses another for energy source, fox to a mouse

Mutualism

win win

Relationship that benefits both organisms, coral reef and algae

Commensalism

win and unaffected

one benefits and the other is not impacted, birds nesting gin trees

How can organisms avoid direct competition?

Resource partitioning, using the same resource in diff ways, through time evolution has favored this. It is important as it helps slow/ stop reduction of a population size

Temporal resource partitioning

uses resources at different times, coyotes and wolves hunting at day versus night

Spatial resource partitioning

using different areas of a shared habitat, different types of birds will occupy diff parts of the same tree

Morphological resource partitioning

Using different resources based on diff evolved body features , ferret and ermine slightly different sized teeth can hunt differently sized prey

What two abiotic factors primarily determine the type of biome that can exist in an area?

temperature and precipitation

Tropical rainforest

nutrient poor soil, high competition for so many different species (Amazon rainforest, a sloth with long arms)

Temperate forest

nutrient rich soil, lots of dead organism matter and warm temperature / moisture for decomposition (Eastern US like PA and the white tailed dear with thick fur)

Boreal Forests

Nutrient poor soil, low temp, low decomposition rate of dead organisms (Canada, moose with large body size)

Tundra

Frozen soils, low and don’t allow nutrients in dead organisms to be broken down (Alaska or Canada and arctic fox thick fur)

Describe patterns of biome distribution by LATITUDE

-Higher latitudes (60+) tend to be tundras and boreal forests

-Mid (30-60) tend to be temperate forests

-Closer to equator= tropical

What effect does climate change have on biomes?

causing major disruptions, range shifts, and structural changes across the world's biomes, Warmer air and water stress plants and animals, pushing species toward higher elevations or cooler poles.

Food web rules: count away from the organism

algae, limpet, lobster, seal (seal would e tertiary consumer)

Other than showing which organisms are consumed by what, describe what is indicated by the direction of the arrows

energy flow

What’s one short term direct effect of over-harvesting crabs? Besides banning all harvest of crabs, whatsoever on potential realistic strategy to increase the population of crabs

-eating or taking too many means the sea snail population will increase as fewer will be eaten

-limit amount allowed to be harvested or protect the snail population

Describe the process of primary productivity (photosynthesis) and its importance to food webs

-The process of converting light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose

-it is the main way energy from the sun enters living things and creates food
-The chemical energy also in plants is transferred to consumers keeping energy flowing

How much energy travels from each?

10 %from one trophic level to the next, 10 percent so from going from primary producer to primary consumer lets say with 100000 Jules available first, it would be 100,000/10 which is now 10,000 Jules available

percent change

new-old/ old times 100

What was the tragedy of the commons?

things like overfishing where even though no resource belongs to a single person, we as people only care about personal gain, overusing all the benefit taking from a larger share. This in the end damages an entire group.

-Traffic, too many people choosing to drive on public roads and speeding because they want to get somewhere, causes jams and crashes

What is a ecological footprint and what are the factors effecting it?

A scientific tool that measures how much nature is needed to support a person group activity

Increasing it (bad using more resources): wealth (larger houses more travel), meat consumption, fossil fuel usage

Decreasing it: renewable energy (wind solar), public transport, plant based diet, less consumption/ travel

Environmental indicators

5 key environmental factors to see if environment is at a good or bad currrent state

Environmental indicator 1

Biodiversity: diversity of life forms in an environment

1st level: ecosystem (how many diff types of landscapes/ varieties of ecosystems there are in a region)

2nd level: species diversity (variety of that, higher it is, the more stable)

3rd level: genetic diversity (variety of genes among species) THIS IS IMPORTANT bc then if disease breaks loose may have immunity or tolerance to diff things

Environmental indicator 2

Food production: ability to grow food to nourish the whole population, using science and tech to increase the amount of food we can produce in a given area of land

greenhouse gases

gases in earths atmosphere that trap heat near the surface( like how windows of a car in the summer hold in heat its like that)

Environmental indicator 3

Surface temperature and concentration of c02: most significant to focus on is c02 not because of its strength, but because its what we produce the most of

Anthropogenic

derived from human activities (not us breathing which is included in the normal values/ regular emission but from things we do)

Environmental indicator 4

Our population: around 8 billion, as population develops, less people are produced due to jobs, contraceptives, later or age in life

-keep in mind in 1800s bc of industrial revolution, these numbers sky rocketed

Environmental indicator 5

Resource depletion :

measure how fast human activities consume natural assets compared to Earth's capacity to renew them

some resources cant be renewed or reused like coal oil uranium, but others can be recycled like aluminum and copper, existing in finite amounts

Scientifc method: experimental design

ask a question, do background research, make hypothesis, test with experiment, analyze data and draw conclusions if the procedure is working, communicate results

Developed versus developing nations

-Developed: high industrialization, low population growth, higher resource consumption, access to education/ medical care, JAPAN, US, CANADA

-Developing: lower incomes, higher population growth, heavy reliance on local biomass (material from living organisms like trees lack of access to education/ medical care Haiti, Sub-Saharan African Countries

National capital causes of degradation??

human activities and climate pressures that deplete earths renewable/ nonrenewable assets

deforestation, fossil fuels, unsustainable agriculture with overusing chemical pesticides and fertilizers

Human impact on natural systems

Resource extraction, land use change, and pollution that can cause all around disruption and affect biodiversity, climate stability, natural resource availability