PSYC 169 Midterm 1

neuropsychology

the scientific study of how the brain supports cognition, emotion, and behavior

overarching method in neuropsychology

examining damaged brains and the resulting deficits/differences in mental function

dorsal

superior/top

ventral

inferior/bottom

anterior

front

posterior

back

what view of the brain is this?

lateral

what view of the brain is this?

dorsal

what view of the brain is this?

ventral

what view of the brain is this?

coronal

what view of the brain is this?

saggittal

what view of the brain is this?

horizontal

unilateral

one-sided

bilateral

two-sided

ipsilateral

same-sided

contralateral

opposite-sided

T or F: there are way more glial cells than neurons in the brain

false

T or F: the number of glial cells and neurons is almost 1:1

true

the function of a neuron is determined by its ___

inputs and outputs

which glial cells form the blood brain barrier

astrocytes

which glial cells modulate synapses (connections between neurons)

astrocytes

which glial cells form myelin around CNS neurons

oligodendrocytes

which glial cells act as immune cells

microglia

which glial cells become phagocytes

microglia

which glial cells line ventricles

ependymal cells

which glial cells produce CSF

ependymal cells

gyrus: bump or valley?

bump

sulcus: bump or valley?

valley

[white/grey] matter is made by myelinated axons and glia cells

white

[white/grey] matter is made by cell bodies

grey

corpus callosum

white matter tract that connects the L and R hemispheres

the brain is cushioned by three things, which are:

CSF, meninges, skull

ventricles

spaces filled with CSF that protect the brain

ventricles functions

• absorb shock

• maintain homeostasis

• maintain intracranial pressure

• remove toxins

anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to:

superior/dorsal-medial parts of frontal and parietal lobes

posterior cerebral artery supplies blood to:

occipital and temporal lobes

middle cerebral artery supplies blood to:

lateral parts of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

each hemisphere responds mainly to sensory stimulation coming from the [ipsilateral/contralateral] side of the body

contralateral

each hemisphere controls the musculs on the [ipsilateral/contralateral] side of the body

contralateral

decussation

crossing of nerve fibers

info from the R visual field is processed in the [R/L] hemisphere

L

info from the [R/L] visual field is processed in the R hemisphere

L

T or F: info from the R eye is processed in the L hemisphere

false

acquired brain damage (ABI)

any brain damage that occurs after birth (not hereditary, congenital, degenerative, or induced by birth trauma)

two main types of ABI:

TBI and nTBI

TBI has an [internal/external] cause

internal

nTBI has an [internal/external] cause

external

open TBI

object penetrates the skull

#1 cause of open TBI

guns

closed TBI

blunt force, not penetrating the skull

open TBI example case study

Phineas Gage

T or F: all closed TBIs are concussions

false

acceleration, deceleration, rotation, and compression/deformation fall under which umbrella term?

closed TBI

acceleration damage

moving object strikes skull

deceleration damage

moving head strikes stationary object

rotation damage

twist of brain in skull

compression/deformation damage

change in shape of skull causing injury

acceleration example

bat swings on head

deceleration example

falling on ground and hitting head

rotation example

falling at an angle and hitting head

a cracked skull would be consider a(n) [open/closed] TBI

open

coup damage

occurs on the side of the impact

[coup/contrecoup] damage is more obvious externally and in brain scans

coup

contrecoup damage

occurs on the other side of the brain (not the impacted side)

T/F: coup damage is easier to miss than contrecoup damage

false

closed TBI subcategories

diffse, focal

diffuse TBI

widespread injury

focal TBI

injury to a specific, localized area

concussion is a type of [diffuse/focal] [open/closed] [TBI/nTBI]

diffuse closed TBI

mild, diffuse concussion: typical initial presentation

• loss of consciousness (LOC) up to 30 minutes

• post-traumatic amnesia/confusion (PTA) up to 24 hours

• headaches, neckache, dizziness, nausea

• no focal findings

mild, diffuse concussion: typical follow-up presentation

• cognitive deficits (attention, memory, executive function)

• systemic deficits (head/neckache, dizziness, poor sleep)

• behavioral deficits (depression, anxiety)

mild, diffuse concussion: typical recovery time for a more severe LOC and PTA patient

months, years, or never

T/F: older patients take longer to recover from concussions

true

T/F: some patients still show deficits 1 year after their mild concussion

true

mild, diffuse concussion: typical recovery time for a less severe LOC and PTA patient

1-3 months

diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a type of [diffuse/focal] [open/closed] [TBI/nTBI]

diffuse closed TBI

DAI is [easy/hard] to spot on MRI

hard

DAI: three types of damage

compression, tension, rotational force

diagnosis of this condition relies on symptoms rather than scans

diffuse axonal injury

diffuse axonal injury typical symptoms

• confusion, disorientation

• headache, nausea

• drowsiness, fatigue, trouble sleeping

• loss of balance, dizziness

• changes in memory, concentration

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a type of [diffuse/focal] [open/closed] [TBI/nTBI]

diffuse closed TBI

T/F: chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) can be diagnosed when it happens

false

chronic traumatic encephalopathy is caused by

repeated head trauma

chronic traumatic encephalopathy chemical explanation

accumulation of p-tau protein

which type of brain damage is associated with football players

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

T or F: chronic traumatic encephalopathy can be stopped after it begins

false

chronic traumatic encephalopathy: symptom progression

1. headache, impaired attention/concentration (similar to concussion)

2. depression, explosivity, short-term memory loss

3. executive dysfunction, cognitive impairments

4. dementia, word-finding difficulty, aggression

three types of diffuse injury

concussion, diffuse axonal injury (DAI), chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

two types of focal injury

contusion, hematoma

contusion

microhemorrhages (bleeding) from coup/contrecoup damage

hematoma

pooled blood

concussion is a [diffuse/focal] injury

diffuse

DAI is a [diffuse/focal] injury

diffuse

CTE is a [diffuse/focal] injury

diffuse

contusion is a [diffuse/focal] injury

focal

hematoma is a [diffuse/focal] injury

focal

concussion is a [TBI/nTBI]

TBI