Thought and Behaviour part of PSYC112
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96 Terms
What is aphasia?
Difficulty producing and/or understanding language.
What is Broca’s aphasia?
Non-fluent speech caused by damage to Broca’s area.
What are features of Broca’s aphasia?
Difficulty speaking, limited vocabulary, omitted function words and mixing up opposites.
What is Wernicke’s aphasia?
Fluent but often nonsensical speech caused by damage to Wernicke’s area.
What are features of Wernicke’s aphasia?
Word salad, word substitutions and difficulty understanding language.
What is a morpheme?
The smallest unit of meaning, such as -ed in talked.
What is a phoneme?
A unit of sound that can change meaning, such as the sounds in dog and log.
What is the difference between free and bound morphemes?
Free morphemes stand alone; bound morphemes cannot stand alone.
What are content words?
Nouns, verbs and adjectives that convey concepts and meaning.
What are function words?
Words such as pronouns, prepositions and conjunctions that help structure sentences.
What is syntax?
The structure of language, including word order, phrases, sentences and grammar.
What is the difference between surface and deep structure?
Surface structure is word organisation; deep structure is the underlying meaning.
What is categorical speech perception?
Perceiving speech sounds as distinct categories rather than a continuous range.
How does speech perception change around 9 months?
Infants tune their perception of speech sounds to the language they hear.
What is cooing, and when does it begin?
Early infant vocalisations that typically begin around 2 months.
What is reduplicated babbling?
Repeating the same syllable, typically around 6–7 months.
What is variegated babbling?
Babbling with different consonants and vowels, typically around 11–12 months.
Does comprehension or production develop first?
Comprehension develops first, approximately four months before production.
What is the vocabulary burst?
A major increase in word production after a child learns their first 50 words.
What is overextension?
Using a word too broadly, such as calling both dogs and cats “dog”.
What is underextension?
Using a word too narrowly, such as calling only the family pet “dog”.
What is a holophrase?
A single word used to communicate an entire statement or idea.
What is the Bow-Wow theory?
Language originated through imitation of sounds in nature.
What is the Ding-Dong theory?
Language originated from natural sounds thought to match objects or things.
What is the La-La theory?
Language developed from sounds associated with love, play and music.
What is the Pooh-Pooh theory?
Language originated from natural emotional interjections.
What is the Yo-He-Ho theory?
Language developed from grunts and sounds made during physical exertion.
What is nativism?
The view that humans are biologically predisposed to acquire language.
What is the Language Acquisition Device?
A proposed innate capacity that helps children acquire language.
What is the poverty of stimulus argument?
Children acquire complex language despite limited evidence and explicit teaching.
What is a pidgin language?
An invented language drawing on words and grammar from different languages.
What is a creole language?
A language that develops when a pidgin is acquired as a native language.
What is a sensitive period for language?
A period when language is acquired more easily than it is later in life.
What is statistical learning?
Recognising patterns and predicting what comes next from how often events occur together.
What is parentese?
Simplified speech with exaggerated intonation used when speaking to infants.
What is an independent self-construal?
Seeing yourself as separate from the group, prioritising personal goals.
What is an interdependent self-construal?
Seeing yourself as part of a group, prioritising relationships and group goals.
What is mental representation?
An internal representation of a perception, thought or memory.
What are analogical representations?
Mental images that resemble what they represent.
What are symbolic representations?
Representations using symbols that do not perceptually resemble what they represent.
What is a proposition?
A statement consisting of a subject and what is asserted about it.
What is deductive reasoning?
Moving from general rules to specific conclusions.
What is inductive reasoning?
Using specific observations to infer a general principle.
What is belief bias?
Judging a conclusion by how believable it seems rather than by logical validity.
What is confirmation bias?
Seeking or favouring information that supports existing beliefs.
What is a heuristic?
A mental shortcut that saves time but does not guarantee a correct answer.
What is the availability heuristic?
Judging frequency or risk by how easily examples come to mind.
What is problem-solving?
Overcoming an obstacle to move from an initial state towards a goal.
What are the main steps in problem-solving?
Understand the problem, generate solutions, test them, and evaluate or revise.
What is means-end analysis?
Taking steps towards a goal and monitoring progress at each step.
What is hill climbing?
Changing the current state to move one step closer to the goal.
What is a mental set?
A habitual way of approaching problems based on previous experience.
What is functional fixedness?
Difficulty seeing alternative uses for an object beyond its usual function.
What is the Whorfian hypothesis?
The view that language determines or influences how people think.
What is the difference between strong and weak Whorfianism?
Strong: language determines thought. Weak: language influences thought.
What did Winawer et al. (2007) find about Russian blues?
Russian speakers discriminated colours across language categories faster than within categories.
What is analytic thinking?
Focusing on objects and their individual properties.
What is holistic thinking?
Focusing on context and relationships between elements.
What is intelligence?
The ability to acquire knowledge, reason, solve problems and adapt to the environment.
What is Spearman’s two-factor theory?
Intelligence consists of a general factor (g) and specific factors (s).
What is fluid intelligence?
The ability to learn, identify relationships and solve new problems.
What is crystallised intelligence?
Knowledge acquired through experience and culture.
What are Sternberg’s three types of intelligence?
Analytical: evaluate ideas; creative: generate ideas; practical: carry out ideas.
What is Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?
The theory that intelligence consists of multiple distinct abilities.
How was IQ originally calculated?
Mental age ÷ chronological age × 100.
What is reliability in intelligence testing?
The consistency of a test's results.
What is validity in intelligence testing?
Whether a test measures what it is intended to measure.
What is the correlation coefficient (r)?
A measure of association ranging from −1 to +1.
Why does correlation not imply causation?
An association alone does not prove that one variable causes another.
What is heritability?
An estimate of how much variation in a trait within a population is associated with genetic differences.
Does high heritability mean intelligence cannot change?
No. Environmental influences still affect intelligence, and it is not fixed.
The shape of the vocal tract, motor cortex development and language exposure.
Possession, naming, attributes and actions, such as “my toy” and “big cat”.
Around two years of age.
Children’s syntax begins to resemble adult language.
Cases involving isolated children and deaf signers exposed to sign language at different ages.
Children detect repeated sound patterns and learn which sounds belong together in words.
Children use parents’ speech, gaze, objects and familiar social routines to learn word meanings.
Adults repeat or expand a child’s speech into a more complete form.
Analogical representations are mental images; symbolic representations use symbols or propositions.
We can think using both propositional thought and mental imagery.
The conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.
Observing that the sun has risen repeatedly and concluding that it rises every morning.
Deductive reasoning moves from general rules to specific cases; inductive reasoning moves from observations to general principles.
An algorithm follows a systematic procedure; a heuristic is a shortcut that may not guarantee a solution.
Understand the problem, generate solutions, test them, and evaluate results or revise.
Trying possible solutions until one works.
Incubation can help someone move away from a mental set and consider new approaches.
Finding a way to destroy a tumour without damaging surrounding healthy tissue.
What did Gill and Prowse (2023) investigate?
Links between childhood creativity and later life outcomes, including education and occupation.
Creativity scores declined despite increases in IQ scores in the data examined.
Habitual Whorfianism concerns language influencing how we talk about the world; ontological Whorfianism concerns how we categorise it.
Chinese-English bilinguals showed more dialectical thinking when given the Chinese version of a task than the English version.
Americans performed better on the absolute task; Japanese participants performed better on the relative task.
A general intelligence factor underlying performance across different intelligence tasks.
Fluid intelligence tends to decline after adolescence, while crystallised intelligence can continue increasing with age.