lecture 9
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18 Terms
What is probability?
The chance that an event will occur.
Why is probability important in genetics?
It helps predict outcomes under the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
What is the product rule?
The probability of independent events A AND B occurring is P(A) × P(B).
When is the product rule used?
When two or more independent events must all occur.
What is the sum rule?
The probability of either of two mutually exclusive events is P(A) + P(B).
When is the sum rule used?
When finding the probability of either of two mutually exclusive events.
What does AND usually indicate in a probability question?
Use the product rule for independent events.
What does OR usually indicate in a probability question?
Use the sum rule when the events are mutually exclusive.
What is binomial probability?
A probability function, using two coefficient, who some equals one and whose products predict the probability of events
When to use binomial probability
Whenever a probability question addresses a repeating series of events that have two alternative outcomes and the order is not specified
What is the observed frequency?
The actual number counted in an experimental category.
What is the expected frequency?
The number predicted for a category under the hypothesis.
What is a chi-square test?
A statistical test comparing observed results with results predicted by chance.
What does a chi-square test measure?
Goodness of fit: how closely observed results match expected results.
What does chi square test for?
Chi square test is a type of hypothesis testing
What are degrees of freedom?
The number of independent variables in an experiment, as described in the lecture.
What is a P-value?
Quantitative expression of the probability that the results of another experiment of the same size and structural will deviate as much or more from the expected results by chance
Why is a chi-square value interpreted using a P-value?
The P-value accounts for the degrees of freedom and helps determine statistical significance.