Chapter 5 (HIM): pathology of the digestive system/ pathological conditions

anorexia

lack of appetite

ascites

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

borborygmi

rumbling or gurgling noises produces by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract

constipation

difficulty in passing stools

diarrhea

frequent passage of loose, watery stools

Dysphagia

difficulty in swallowing

Eructation

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

flatus

gas expelled through the anus

hematochezia

passage of flesh, bright red blood from the rectum

jaundice (icterus)

yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes by high levels of bilirubin in the blood

melena

black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

steotorrhea

fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter

Aphthous stomatitis

inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers

dental caries

tooth decay

herpetic stomatitis

inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpes virus

oral leukoplakia

white plaques or patches

periodontal disease

inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone

achalasia

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter muscle to relax

esophageal cancer

Malignant rumor of the esophagus

gastric carcinoma

malignant tumor of the stomach

esophageal varices

swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

peptic ulcers

open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum

hernia

protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it

anal fistula

abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

colonic polyposis

polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

colorectal cancer

adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both

crohn disease

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

diverticulosis

abnormal side pockets (outpouching) in the intestinal wall

dysentery

painful, inflamed intestines

Hemorrhoids

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

ileus

failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

inflammation of the colon and small intestine

Intussusception

telescoping of the intestines

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension

ulcerative colitis

chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcers

volvulus

twisting of the intestines on itself

cirrhosis

chronic degenerative disease of the liver

Hepatocellular carcinomaq (HCC)

liver cancer

pancreatic cancer

malignant tumors of the pancreas

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

viral hepatitis

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

cholelithiasis

gallstones in the gallbladder