Neurogenic Communication Disorders Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering neurogenic communication disorders, including dementia types, TBI mechanics, brain injuries, and Right Hemisphere Disorder based on the lecture notes.

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

A condition characterized by cognitive deficits more severe than normal aging that do not significantly affect activity participation, where loss of functional independence indicates progression to dementia.

Dementia

An acquired, diffuse impairment of memory, intellect, and cognition caused by degenerative CNS diseases, which begins late in life and is severe enough to interfere with work, social activities, and relationships.

Cortical Dementia

A category of dementia caused by pathologic changes in the cerebral cortex, with Alzheimer's disease and Pick's disease being the most common causes.

Subcortical Dementia

A category of dementia caused by pathologic changes in subcortical structures such as the basal ganglia, thalamus, and brainstem, with Parkinson's disease being the most common cause.

Parkinson's Disease (PD)

A degenerative disease affecting the midbrain and brainstem due to deterioration of dopamine-producing neurons in the basal ganglia, typically appearing between ages 50-65.

Bradykinesia

Slowness of movement and difficulty initiating movement, which is a core motor symptom of Parkinson's disease.

Micrographia

Abnormally small handwriting that typically manifests in the early stage of Parkinson's disease.

Huntington's Disease (HD)

An inherited degenerative neurologic disease caused by loss of neurons in the caudate nucleus and putamen, typically onsetting between ages 40-60 and leading to death within 15-20 years.

Chorea

Involuntary, irregular movement patterns that serve as the primary first symptom of Huntington's disease.

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)

A degenerative disorder beginning between ages 50-80 caused by neuronal loss and glial cell proliferation in the brainstem and basal ganglia, characterized early by paralysis of downward gaze and neck muscle rigidity.

Pseudobulbar Palsy

A condition occurring in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy characterized by exaggerated palate and laryngeal reflexes, drooling, swallowing disturbances, and heightened emotionality.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD)

The most frequent single cause of dementia (accounting for 50%-70% of progressive dementias), characterized neuropathologically by neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic plaques, and neural atrophy primarily in the temporo-parietal-occipital junctions and inferior temporal lobes.

Pick's Disease (Frontal Lobe Dementia)

A progressive, degenerative brain disease initiating in the frontal lobe, where alterations in personality and emotion are typically the first symptoms to appear.

Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA)

A type of dementia caused by degeneration of the temporoparietal region of the left hemisphere, where language impairment is the primary and most prominent feature.

Non-fluent Progressive Aphasia (nvPPA)

A subtype of Primary Progressive Aphasia characterized by non-fluent spontaneous speech, phonemic paraphasias, impaired phonology, sentence comprehension, sentence repetition, and expressive syntax, with intact semantics and word comprehension.

Semantic Variant PPA (svPPA)

A subtype of Primary Progressive Aphasia characterized by fluent spontaneous speech, semantic paraphasias, impaired semantics, and impaired single-word comprehension, with intact phonology, sentence comprehension, and syntax.

Logopenic Variant PPA (lvPPA)

A subtype of Primary Progressive Aphasia characterized by hesitant spontaneous speech, phonemic paraphasias, and impaired sentence repetition, with intact single-word comprehension, semantics, and sentence comprehension.

Spaced Retrieval Training

An early-stage intervention technique relying on intact implicit memory that trains individuals with dementia to perform procedures or recall stimuli across gradually increasing time intervals.

Errorless Learning

An instructional technique for individuals with impaired declarative memory that prevents incorrect responses during learning trials, ensuring every trial ends with a correct response.

Adaptive Strategies

Communication techniques used by individuals with dementia to regain control after a communicative failure has occurred, such as asking a speaker to repeat or slow down.

Facilitative Strategies

Communication techniques used to prevent or repair communication failure before or during a breakdown, such as using circumlocution or self-cueing during word retrieval failure.

Acquired Brain Injury (ABI)

An umbrella term for any non-congenital, rapid-onset, non-progressive brain injury occurring after 1 month of age.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

An acquired brain injury caused by physical trauma or external forces outside of the body, serving as the leading cause of neurologic disability in people under 35.

Open Head Injury

A penetrating brain injury resulting from objects entering the skull, causing fractured bone, torn meninges, and predominantly focal brain tissue damage.

Closed Head Injury

A non-penetrating brain injury where the skull and meninges remain intact and no foreign objects enter the brain, typically caused by motor vehicle accidents or falls.

Coup-Contrecoup Injury

A focal tissue injury resulting from linear acceleration where damage occurs at the primary site of impact (coup) and on the opposite side of the skull (contrecoup) as the brain ricochets.

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)

Extensive brain damage caused by angular acceleration forces that twist, stretch, and shear nerve cell axons throughout the brain and brainstem.

Epidural Hematoma

A rapid accumulation of arterial blood between the dura mater and the skull, most commonly caused by damage to the middle meningeal artery.

Subdural Hematoma

An accumulation of venous blood between the dura mater and the brain surface, which spreads slowly and poses high danger due to the absence of immediate symptoms.

Cerebral Edema

The accumulation of fluid between the brain and skull, in the ventricles, or within brain tissues, serving as a secondary diffuse consequence of brain injury that increases intracranial pressure.

Traumatic Hydrocephalus

A condition in which brain swelling compresses cerebrospinal fluid passages, trapping CSF and causing ventricles to expand and compress surrounding brain tissue.

Prefrontal Cortex Damage

Brain damage affecting top-down guidance of attention, thought, action, and emotion regulation due to tissue rubbing against bony prominences inside the skull.

Time Pressure Management

A compensatory rehabilitation strategy that enables adults with TBI to cope with slowed information processing by planning, organizing, and giving themselves adequate time during daily tasks.

Aprosodia

The reduction or absence of normal variations in pitch, loudness, intonation, and rhythm of speech used to express meaning or emotion, commonly seen in Right Hemisphere Disorder.

Anosognosia

A neurocognitive symptom common in Right Hemisphere Disorder characterized by a decreased or complete lack of awareness of one's own physical and cognitive deficits.