nscs 200 exam 3

phrenology <1840’s

differences in cognition between individuals can be mapped on to the size of different parts of the skull; claimed by franz joseph gall (craniometer)

structuralism 1880- early 1900’s

used analytical introspection(ppl observe and report their conscious inner thoughts n sensations to controlled stimuli) to break down conscious experiences into elementary elements (sensations); Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titcher

behaviorism 1913-1960

Abandon studying the mind, conscious experience irrelevant and focus on relation between enviroment and behaviour; John Watson and BF Skinner

john watson

every individual was born as a blank slate, nearly everything is learned. Believed that need to make behaviour the object point of our attack instead of Wundt who didn’t focus on psychology

classical conditioning

John Watson proposed that learning process arising from repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a second stimulus associated with a reflexive response ( ex: fear or reward) ex: little albert experiment

operant conditioning

learning process arising from pairing a behavior with reward or punishment outcome ex BF skinner boxes; BF skinner proposed this and that language learned entirely through operant conditioning

the cognitive revolution late 1950’s

understand operations of the mind through behavioral experiments,mind analogous to a computer; Noah Chomsky

noah chomsky 1959

wrote a critical review of skinner’s book, he argued that language is biological innate and children say things that are never rewarded and use incorect grammar even though never reinforced; he brought back the study of conciousness

information processing

researchers took information processing approach to studying the mind meaning likened the mind to a computer, suggesting both process information in a series of stages and both have limited capacity; MIT/Dartmouth artificial intelligence conferences

cognitive neuroscience 1976

understand the mind by understanding the brain; mind should be studied but its hidden so the goal is to understand how our experiences are represented in the mind and brain

spatial resolution

method of neuroscience where one can measure where brain activity occured when a cognitive process was engaged know tradeoff

temporal resolution

method of neuro which one can measure when the brain became active to support a cognitive process know tradeoff

measurement technique

method in neuroscience where open boxes are used to measure neutral representations associated with psychological phenomena

perturbation techniques

filled boxes methods that activate or inactivates particular brain areas, revealing whether they are necessary for a specific process

subtraction method

used to compare brain activity between different task conditions, such as activity during experimental condition- activity during control condition

functional connectivity

measures how correlated brain regions are in their fMRI signal timecourse over time (can even be used at “rest”, in the absence of an experimental task

fMRI

an indirect measure of neural activity because oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin have different magnetic properties which its sensitive to

neuropsychology

method to characterize cognitive effects; phineus gage, petient H.M, broca’s and wernicke’s aphasia