SL Biology: A1.2.2-A1.2.8 Nucleic Acids

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Last updated 1:51 PM on 10/9/26
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38 Terms

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid that stores hereditary information

<p>Deoxyribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid that stores hereditary information</p>
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RNA

Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid involved in gene expression and protein synthesis

<p>Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid involved in gene expression and protein synthesis</p>
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Four Major Biological Molecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

<p>Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids</p>
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Nucleic Acids

Biological molecules made of nucleotide polymers

<p>Biological molecules made of nucleotide polymers</p>
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Nucleotide

The monomer of nucleic acids, made of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

<p>The monomer of nucleic acids, made of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base</p>
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Deoxyribose

The five-carbon sugar found in DNA

<p>The five-carbon sugar found in DNA</p>
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Ribose

The five-carbon sugar found in RNA

<p>The five-carbon sugar found in RNA</p>
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Nitrogenous Base

A nitrogen-containing molecule that forms part of a nucleotide

<p>A nitrogen-containing molecule that forms part of a nucleotide</p>
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DNA Bases

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

<p>Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine</p>
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RNA Bases

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil

<p>Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil</p>
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Purines

Nitrogenous bases with two rings; adenine and guanine

<p>Nitrogenous bases with two rings; adenine and guanine</p>
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Pyrimidines

Nitrogenous bases with one ring; cytosine, thymine, and uracil

<p>Nitrogenous bases with one ring; cytosine, thymine, and uracil</p>
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DNA Base Pairing

Adenine pairs with thymine, while guanine pairs with cytosine

<p>Adenine pairs with thymine, while guanine pairs with cytosine</p>
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RNA Base Pairing

Adenine pairs with uracil, while guanine pairs with cytosine

<p>Adenine pairs with uracil, while guanine pairs with cytosine</p>
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Hydrogen Bonds

Strong bonds that hold complementary bases together between DNA strands

<p>Strong bonds that hold complementary bases together between DNA strands</p>
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Covalent Bond

A strong bond formed between atoms by sharing electrons

<p>A strong bond formed between atoms by sharing electrons</p>
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Condensation Reaction

A reaction that forms a covalent bond while releasing water

<p>A reaction that forms a covalent bond while releasing water</p>
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Antiparallel

Describes DNA strands running in opposite directions

<p>Describes DNA strands running in opposite directions</p>
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DNA Stability

Pairing purines with pyrimidines helps maintain a consistent DNA width and stable structure

<p>Pairing purines with pyrimidines helps maintain a consistent DNA width and stable structure</p>
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DNA Replication

The process of making a copy of DNA

<p>The process of making a copy of DNA</p>
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Semi-Conservative Replication

DNA replication where each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand

<p>DNA replication where each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand</p>
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Template

A strand used to determine the sequence of a new complementary strand

<p>A strand used to determine the sequence of a new complementary strand</p>
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Transcription

The process of making RNA using DNA as a template

<p>The process of making RNA using DNA as a template</p>
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Genetic Information

Information stored in the sequence of bases in DNA

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DNA Function

Stores hereditary information

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RNA Function

Helps carry and use genetic instructions to make proteins

<p>Helps carry and use genetic instructions to make proteins</p>
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DNA vs RNA

DNA has deoxyribose, thymine, is usually double-stranded, stores hereditary information, and is more stable; RNA has ribose, uracil, is usually single-stranded, and is involved in gene expression and protein synthesis

<p>DNA has deoxyribose, thymine, is usually double-stranded, stores hereditary information, and is more stable; RNA has ribose, uracil, is usually single-stranded, and is involved in gene expression and protein synthesis</p>
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mRNA

RNA that carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome

<p>RNA that carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome</p>
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tRNA

RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

<p>RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome</p>
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rRNA

RNA that forms part of the structure of ribosomes

<p>RNA that forms part of the structure of ribosomes</p>
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Protein Synthesis

The process of using genetic information to make proteins

<p>The process of using genetic information to make proteins</p>
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Codon

A sequence of three RNA bases that codes for an amino acid or stop signal

<p>A sequence of three RNA bases that codes for an amino acid or stop signal</p>
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Genetic Code

The set of rules that determines which amino acid each codon represents

<p>The set of rules that determines which amino acid each codon represents</p>
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Start Codon

The codon that signals the beginning of protein synthesis, usually AUG

<p>The codon that signals the beginning of protein synthesis, usually AUG</p>
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Stop Codons

Three codons that signal the end of protein synthesis: UAA, UAG, and UGA

<p>Three codons that signal the end of protein synthesis: UAA, UAG, and UGA</p>
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Universal Genetic Code

The same genetic code is used by almost all living organisms

<p>The same genetic code is used by almost all living organisms</p>
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Common Ancestry

The universal genetic code supports the idea that living organisms share evolutionary ancestry

<p>The universal genetic code supports the idea that living organisms share evolutionary ancestry</p>
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Possible DNA Sequences

For n bases, there are 4ⁿ possible sequences. (e.g 4² = 16 possible sequences)

<p>For n bases, there are 4ⁿ possible sequences. (e.g 4² = 16 possible sequences)</p>