Ahangari Physio exam 5

hormone

chemical substance secreted by endocrine glands, and carry some signal to target cell

endocrine

hormone secreted into blood stream

intracellular molecules stimulated

what happens when hormone binds to its receptor

protein hormones

bind to cell surface receptor

protein hormones

cannot pass through cell membrane since the structure of cell membrane is lipid bilayer

steroid hormones

hormones which bind to nuclei receptor

sex hormones, aldosterone, cortisol, vitamin D, T3, T4

examples of steroid hormones

iodine

T3, T4 precursor

cholestrol

vitamin D precursor

saliva, sweat, parotid

examples of exocrine glands

exocrine glands

duct opens into cavity and releases its content into cavity-- what type of gland

endocrine glands

released directly into blood stream

inhibits gastric hormone

somatostatin function in GI

gigantism, growth hormone

synthetic somatostatin is used to treat _________ because it blocks ______ _______ in hypothalamus

glucagon and cortisol

which two hormones maintain blood glucose level

prolactin

hormone that suppresses sex hormones

propranolol

what is the beta 1 antagonist

G protein

what is activated when hormone binds to specific receptor

second messenger activation, phospholipase C (OR inhibition is second messenger and activation of CAMP)

what happens after G protein is activated intracellularly

G protein coupled receptor, Growth factor receptor, cytokine receptor, ligand regulated transporter (guanylyl cyclase receptor)

four cell surface receptors

adenylate cyclase, Ca and Calmodulin, inositol, 1,4,5-triphosphate

what are the second messengers for G protein coupled receptor

catecholamines, prostaglandin, glucagon, ACTH, PTH, TSH

g protein coupled receptor (or 7 transmembrane domain receptor) mediate action of which hormones

insulin, IGF, EGF,

growth factor receptor mediates action of which hormones

tyrosine kinase

second messenger for growth factor receptor

JAK2, tyrosine kinase

second messenger for cytokine receptor

growth hormone

cytokine receptor controls which hormones

nitric oxide, ANP

ligand-regulated transporter (guanylyl cyclase receptor) controls which hormones

nuclear receptors

mediate actions of steroid hormones, vitamin D, thyroid hormones,

retinoids, fatty acids and bile acids. Controls gene expression because it binds to DNA on target genes

steroid hormones

nuclear receptor means

steroid hormones

which group of hormones need a carrier protein to transport them

longer

duration of action for steroid hormone is ______ than protein hormones

hydrophilic/liphophobic

protein hormones are (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)

hypothalamus

president of endocrine system

pituitary/hypophyseal gland

vice president of endocrine system

anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, intermediate

lobes of pituitary gland

hypothalamopituitary portal system

connection between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

neurons

connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

releasing and inhibiting hormones

two types of hormones released from hypothalamic nuclei

endocrine, appetite, sleep, memory, learning, emotional/sexual behaviors, partially sympathetic/parasympathetic, body temp

hypothalamus controls what

A and B

25 year old male has tumor in hypothalamic nuclei. What signs/symptoms might he have if the surgeon cannot remove the tumor?

A. obesity

B. sleep disorder

C. Malabsorption/maldigestion

D. Gastritis

E. myocardial infarction

ovary

where is the FSH receptor located

first two weeks of menstrual cycle

when can you expect FSH to be high in female

FSH

required for development/maturation of follicle in ovary

LH

important hormone for ovulation (rupture of follicle)

progesterone

if pregnancy occurs, then the remnants of follicle secretes what

progesterone

prepares and maintains endometrium for implantation of fertilized ovum

estrogen

after menstruation, levels of this hormone increase to repair endometrium

FSH (spermato)

controls spermatogenesis in male

leydig cell

LH receptor in male is located on

testosterone and estrogen

hormones responsible for closing growth plate (epiphyseal plate)

excess GH (growth hormone)

gigantism, congenital heart disease, thick lips, edema, big tongue. problem?

synthetic somatostatin

treatment for gigantism

CRH

stimulates ACTH for release of aldosterone

Cushing's syndrome

excess cortisol leads to

addison's disease

deficiency of cortisol leads to

TRH (thyroid releasing hormone)

prolactin's releasing factor is

TSH

thyroid stimulating hormone abbreviation

infertility

increased level of prolactin leads to

dopamine

inhibits prolactin secretion from anterior lobe

somatostatin

inhibits growth hormone secretion from anterior lobe

oxytocin

increases in pregnant female for relaxation of cervix and contraction of uterus. controls milk ejection after delivery, ejaculation

ADH

for fluid retention.

supraoptic and paraventricular

responsible for ADH and oxytocin production

oxytocin and ADH

posterior pituitary hormones

cortex

90% of the adrenal gland is the

anterior pituitary

adrenal cortex stimulation is by

ANS

adrenal medulla stimulation is by (to secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline)

cortex of adrenal medulla

where are steroid hormones from cholesterol produced

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

zona glomerulosa produces

Cortisol (glucocorticoid)

zona fasciculata produces

sex hormones (androgens, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione)

zone reticulata produces

ACTH

adrenal cortex is regulated by

intersexuality

over secretion of androgen in female leads to what

estrogen

what controls last step of sperm development

aromatase enzyme

what converts testosterone in males to estrogen

obesity, gynecomastia (breast tissue

excess aromatase enzyme in males leads to

collecting tubule of nephron

where is the aldosterone receptor

steroid diabetes

increased cortisol leads to

cortisol

controls stress, maintains blood glucose, anti-inflammatory, increases appetite, breakdown of protein. Which hormone

Cushing's syndrome (**hypernatremia, hyperglycemia)

moon face, big belly, big butt, accumulation of fat in shoulder/neck. fragile skin. Increased blood sodium, hyperglycemia, decreased potassium. Facial hair in female, irregular menstruation. diagnosis?

treat hypertension through ACE blocker, remove tumor, treat infection

cushing's syndrome treatment

Primary Addison's Disease

the problem is in adrenal cortex leading to undersecretion of peripheral hormones. Could be tumor or autoimmune. decreased aldosterone, cortisol, androgen-->increased ACTH, CRH. hypotension, hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, hyperpigmentation

secondary Addison's disease

problem in CNS. tumor, irritation. Decreased CRH and ACTH. NO hyperpigmentation

POMC deficiency

anxiety, pain, obesity, hypotension, hyperpigmentation, hyponatremia. diagnosis?

Conn's syndrome

hyperaldosteronism. Hypertension, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, acidic urine. Diagnosis?

POMC

gives rise to ACTH, endorphin, melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), controls appetite. Hormone?

tyrosine then dopamine

precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine

adrenal medulla

what secretes epinephrine and norepinphrine hormones

vasoconstriction

alpha 1 receptor

relaxation/dilation

alpha 2 receptor

contractivity and heart rate increase

beta 1 receptor

smooth muscle bronchi, GI tract

beta 2 receptor

hypertension

oversecretion of epinephrine leads to

catecholamines

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine receptors

iodide

blood in thyroid gland carries what

colloid

part of thyroid gland that participates in formation of T3, T4

FREEBIE

FREEBIE

MIT and DIT

inactive form of thyroid hormones

T4 (thyroxine)

when two molecules of DIT combine what forms

T3 (triiodothyronine)

when one molecule of DIT combines with one molecule of MIT what forms