Early North American Colonization: Native Societies, Empires, and Conflict

What was Beringia

Land connecting Asia and North America

What was Pleistocene Overkill

The theory that hunting helped cause Ice Age animal extinctions

What was the Neolithic Revolution

The development of agriculture

What was valuable in the French fur trade

Beaver pelts

When was St. Augustine founded

1565 by Spain

When was Jamestown founded

1607

Who was Metacom

Native leader known as King Philip

Who claimed Louisiana for France in 1682

La Salle

When was NOLA founded

1718

What did the Proclamation Line of 1763 restrict

Colonial settlement west of the Appalachians

What did Pacific Northwest Native peoples rely on

Fish, whales, seals, and cedar; potlatches were important

What resources did California Native peoples use

Acorns, roots, shoots, redwood, and oak

What characterized Southwest Native societies

Pueblo farming, cliff dwellings, Mesa Verde, and Chaco Canyon

How did Great Plains peoples hunt before horses

They traveled by foot and used dogs; buffalo were vital

What characterized Mississippian societies

Corn farming, mounds, ceremonial centers, fortified villages, and chiefdoms

Why were the Great Lakes important

Waterways and fur-trade networks connected Native communities

What was Native America like before European colonization

Diverse societies with their own territories, cultures, and political relationships

What were Fort Caroline and St. Augustine

Fort Caroline: founded by France in 1564; St. Augustine: founded by Spain in 1565; forts represented French-Spanish rivalry over control of Florida and Atlantic routes

Why did French explorers seek a Northwest Passage

They hoped to find a water route to Asia

Which explorers explored North America's Atlantic or St. Lawrence region

Giovanni da Verrazzano, John Cabot, and Jacques Cartier

Why did France develop a fur trade in Canada

Beavers and other furs were valuable; European goods were traded for them

Whom did Samuel de Champlain ally with in 1609

The Huron and Algonquin against the Iroquois

Who were voyageurs and coureurs des bois

French fur traders who traveled inland and built trade relationships

What happened to the Roanoke colony

The settlement disappeared; "Croatoan" was found as a clue. Virginia Dare was born there

Why was Jamestown established, and what made it profitable

The Virginia Company established it in 1607; tobacco became profitable

Who helped Plymouth's English settlers survive

Squanto and Samoset helped them communicate and learn corn farming and fish fertilizer

Who led the Wampanoags during early Plymouth relations

Ousamequin, also known as massasoit

What was the 1621 Thankgiving gathering

A gathering involving Plymouth settlers and Wampanoags

What happened in the Powhatan-English conflicts

Major conflicts occurred in 1622 and 1644 as English settlement expanded

What was the Mayflower Compact

An agreement made by the Pilgrims in 1620 to organize their community

How did Puritan communities treat religious dissent

They often demanded religious conformity and punished dissenters

Who were Thomas Morton and Anne Hutchinson

Colonial figures who challenged Puritan religious or social authority

When were the Salem Witch Trials

1692-1693

What caused King Philip's War

Conflict over land, English expansion, and Native resistance under Metacom

What were major results of King Philip's War

Devastating Native losses and stronger English colonial control

What military advantages did Europeans have in colonial conflicts

Firearms such as matchlock and flintlock muskets, plus iron tools

What factors intensified colonial frontier conflicts

Land, food, water, resources, defensible territory, and competition for power

What was "musket diplomacy"

Using access to firearms and trade goods to build or influence alliances

Where were the main European colonial powers positioned

Spain in Florida and the Gulf; England on the Atlantic coast; France in Canada

Which Native groups often allied with France or the English and Dutch

Huron and Algonquin often allied with France; Iroquois often with Dutch or English

How did Massachusetts and Virginia economies differ

Massachuesetts relied on maritime trade, fishing, timber, and shipbuilding; Virginia on tobacco

What labor systems supported Virginia's tobacco economy

Indentured servitude and African slavery

What happened in 1619 in English North America

Enslaved Africans arrived in the English colony of Virginia

What was the Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, goods, and other things between the Old and New worlds

What did the Yamasee Rebellion, Natchez Revolt, and Chickasaw Wars show

Native resistance to colonial expansion and unfair trade