Chapter 10: Space Exploration

Ptolemy's Solar System Model

A geocentric model with a stationary Earth at the center and objects orbiting in circular paths.

Copernicus's Solar System Model

A heliocentric model with the Sun at the center and the Earth rotating on its axis and around the Sun in circular orbits.

Kepler's Solar System Model

A modified heliocentric model featuring elliptical planet orbits with the Sun at a focal point.

First telescope in astronomy

Used by Galileo Galilei in 1609.

First satellite in space

Sputnik 1, launched by the USSR in 1957.

First man in space/orbit

Yuri Gagarin, in USSR Vostok 1 (1961).

First man on the Moon

Neil Armstrong, on US Apollo 11 (1969).

First flight to Jupiter

US Pioneer 10, in 1973.

First flight of US space shuttle

Columbia, in 1981.

First flight to Neptune

US Voyager 2, in 1989.

Hubble Space Telescope

Launched by the US from the Discovery shuttle in 1990, placed 500 km above Earth's surface.

Malaysian satellites MEASAT 1 and 2

Launched in 1996.

Malaysia's first microsatellite

TiungSAT-1, launched in 2000.

ANGKASA (National Space Agency)

Established in Malaysia in 2002.

International Space Station (ISS)

Completed in 2011.

How rockets work

Burning fuel inside releases hot gas at high speed, producing an upward pushing force.

Space probe

A spacecraft that collects and sends information from inside and outside the solar system without orbiting Earth.

Remote sensing

A method of collecting and recording information remotely, such as tracking visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet rays.

Fields using remote sensing applications

Agriculture, geology, disaster management, and defense.