History of MI

Aetiology: Supernatural

Beyond the observable universe

Aetiology: Samatogenesis

Physical/bodily origins

Aetiology: Psychogenesis

Mind

Edwin Smith + Ebers papyrus

-Understanding the mind had something to do with MI/mental functions

-Personality played a factor (MI was an imbalance between soul and body)

-Surgery/magical objects/drugs/rituals

Hippocrates

-Environmental causes/psych factors/diseases/nutrition and lifestyle

-Indeoendencd of mind, body and spirit

-Harmony between individual/societal/natural environments

Hippocrates 2

-Conceptualised mania/paranoia/hysteria e.t.c.

-Brain responsible for MI

-Intellegence/sensitivity reaches brain through breathing

-MI treated more effectively when treated like PI

-Diagnosis done through observation, causes, balance of the humors

Plato

-Link between morality and MH

-Devine madness

-Apollo (prophecy) / Dionysus (mystic rites and relief from hardship) / Muses (poetry) / Aphrodite (love)

Ali Razi

-Director of hospital in Baghdad → mentally ill

-Used psychotherapy

-Care, empathy → money after treatment to get back on their feet

-Psych ethics contribution

Musa ben Maimon

-First description of psychosomatic med

-Explicit emphasis on bio/psychosocial factors

-Preventative med emphasis/public hygiene/preservation of healthy soul

-Ethics

Middle Ages

-Madness = punishment for sinful soul

-Only the grace of God could heal

-Main cause: sorcery/possession

-Treatment: prayer rites/relic touching/confessions/atonement

Rene Descartes/Thomas Hobbs/John Locke

-Dualism: mind+ body = separate

-Cogito ergo sum

-MI must derive from the body

The enlightenment (Thomas Willis)

-Curative discipline

-Fetters

-Blows

-Medical treatements

Alt 17th century views

-Director Burton: therapeutic exercise, drugs, diet, music

-Impoetence of discussing probs with friends/doctor

Madhouses/asylums

-House and confine the poor/homeless/MI/criminals

-Bethlam Royal Hospital → tourism

-Seperation from ‘normal’ society

Benjamin Rush

-Father of American psychiatry

-MI = disease of the mind, not demons

-Treatments: diet/purges/bleeding/tranq chair e.t.c.

Freud

—Verbal psychotherapy

John B Watson (Behaviourism)

Psych disorders best treated by altering behaviour patterns or modifying the environment

Trans-orbital lobotomy

-Skull opened through neural passages separated midway through the brain

-Killed many, survivors forgot depressive episodes/psychotic tendencies

-Often reported severe damages

Electroconvulsive therapy

-Electric shocks tot he temples through brine soaked electrodes

-Bit down on rubber pieces to prevent injuries to tongue

1954

-Thorazine introduced

-Other psychotropic drugs became available and cut time patients spent there substantially

-Many could leave asylums under medical regiments with new drugs

Anti-psychiatry movement

-Deinstitutiinalisation → move to community

-Normalisation of conditions

-Szaz + Goffman → MI doesn't exist

-MI as reaction to life stresses and dysfuntional environments

Frantz Fanon

-Indovidual mind deeply shaped by colonial power, race, culture and liberation

-Colonialism and Psychological violence

-Racism and colonial psych

-Liberation as Healing

-Culture and identity in therapy

-Violence and resistance

Modern day treatment

-Hospitalisation only for severe cases

-Chronic institutionalisation is avoided

-Emphasis placed on acclimation into independent living between hospitalisation stays

-Cognitive and behavioural therapy is often utilised along with other types of psychotherapies

-Recovery movement