Chapter 6: Tapeworms that parasitize domestic animals and humans

Eucestodes (true tapeworms)

Hymenolepis spp., Moniezia benedini, Moniezia expansa, Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Anoplocephala spp. (Anoplocephala perfoliata and Anoplocephala magna), Paranoplocephala mamillana, Dipylidium caninum, Taenia pisiformis, T. hydatigena, T. ovis, Taenia taeniaeformis, Echinococcus granulosus, and Echinococcus multiloculari

Hymenolepis spp

Host: Mice, rats, gerbils, hamsters, dogs, and humans

none

intermediate host for H. nana

H. diminuta

intermediate host: fleas, flour beetles, and other arthropods

zoonotic potential

Hymenolepis spp all have ? potential

location for Hymenolepis spp

small intestine

Transmission route Hymenolepis spp.

Ingestion of infective fleas, grain beetle, or cockroach (H. diminuta); Ingestion of infective egg or autoinfection (H. nana)

diagnosis and treatment for Hymenolepis spp.

May be detected on fecal flotation; Adults can usually be found postmortem examination of the small intestine.

Treatment: Niclosamide or Praziquantel

Rodent tapeworm

Common Name for Hymenolepis spp.

Moniezia benedini

host: cattle

intermediate host: grain mites

location: small intestine

transmission route: ingestion of infective grain mite

diagnosis and treatment of Moniezia benedini

Eggs of ? are square or cuboidal in shape

treatment: Morantel, Niclosamide, Albendazole, Fenbendazole, or Oxfendazole + pasture rotation

Moniezia expansa

host: cattle, sheep, and goats

intermediate host: grain mites

location: small intestine

transmission route: ingestion of infective grain mites

diagnosis and treatment of Moniezia expansa

Eggs of ? are triangular or pyramidal in shape

treatment: Morantel, Niclosamide, Albendazole, Fenbendazole, or Oxfendazole + pasture rotation

ruminant tapeworm

Moniezia benedini and Moniezia expansa common name

cysticercoid larval stage

Monieza life cycle

Taenia saginata

Definitive host: Humans

Intermediate host: Cattle

Location of adult: small intestine

Transmission route: ingestion of raw or undercooked infective beef

cysticercus

The larval stage is a ?, and they are found in the skeletal and cardiac muscles of cattle. If enough are present, they can interfere with muscle function, cause pain, and myositis.

skeletal and cardiac muscle

where are cysticercus found in cattle?

diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Taenia saginata

Diagnosis: Observation at necropsy or serological tests

Treatment: none as of now

Prevention: Prevent contamination of human feces in cattle feed

Taenia solium

Host: Human

Intermediate host: Pigs

Location of adults: Small intestine

Transmission route: Ingestion of infective undercooked or raw pork

diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Taenia solium

Diagnosis: Fecal flotation, necropsy

Treatment: none as of now

Prevention: prevent pig ingestion of human feces, cook pork completely

cysticercus (Taenia solium)

-Larval stage is a ?, and is found in the cardiac and skeletal muscles of the pig

-Humans infected with this can have ? develop within their muscles and nervous tissue

Anoplocephala spp. (Anoplocephala perfoliata, Anoplocephala magna), and Paranoplocephala mamillana

Host: Horses

Intermediate host: Grain mites

Transmission route: Ingestion of infective grain mites

A. perfoliata

Location of adults: Small intestine, large intestine, and cecum

A. magna and P. mamillana

Location of adults: Small intestine and occasionally the stomach

diagnosis and treatment for Anoplocephala spp. and Paranoplocephala mamillana

Diagnosis: Fecal flotation

Treatment: Pyrantel pamoate and pyrantel tartrate; praziquantel

Pyriform apparatus

Anoplocephala spp. and Paranoplocephala mamillana eggs have 3 layered eggshell called ?

granulation tissue

Adults of Anoplocephala spp. and Paranoplocephala mamillana can cause ? to form at the site of attachment

A. perfoliata

clinical signs associated with colic, intestinal obstruction, thickening of intestinal wall.

Dipylidium caninum

Host: Dogs and Cats

Intermediate host: Adult fleas

Location of adults: Small intestine

Transmission route: Ingestion of infective adult flea

diagnosis and treatment of Dipylidium caninum

Diagnosis: Fecal flotation (occasionally-often negative); presence of proglottids in stool

Treatment: Praziquantel or epsiprantel, and flea control

rice grain

what do the Dipylidium caninum proglottids look like to owners?

cucumber seed tapeworm

common name of Dipylidium caninum

zoonotic

Are Dipylidium caninum zoonotic or not?

D. caninum life cycle

have cysticercoid larval stage

Taenia pisiformis, T. hydatigena, and T. ovis

Host: Dogs

Location of adults: small intestine

Transmission Route: Ingestion of infective intermediate host

T. pisiformis

Intermediate host: Rabbits

T. hydatigena

intermediate host: ruminants

T. ovis

intermediate host: sheep

diagnosis and treatment for Taenia pisiformis, T. hydatigena, and T. ovis

Diagnosis: Fecal float or by seeing proglottids in the feces

Treatment: Praziquantel or epsiprantel

cysticercus larvae

Taenia pisiformis, T. hydatigena, and T. ovis life cycle

Taenia taeniaeformis

Host: Cats

Intermediate host: Rats and mice

Location of adults: Small intestine

Transmission route: Ingestion of infective rats or mice

diagnosis and treatment of Taenia taeniaeformis

Diagnosis: Fecal flotation, seeing proglottids in the feces

Treatment: Praziquantel

Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis

Location of adults: small intestine

Transmission route: Ingestion of infective intermediate host

hydatid cyst

larval stage for Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis is a ?

E. granulosus

Host: Dogs

Intermediate host: Sheep, cattle, and other herbivores (E. granulosus); humans (both)

E. multiloularis

Host: cats

intermediate host: rat, mice and voles (E. multiocularis); humans (both)

diagnosis and treatment for E. granulosus and E. multilocularis

Diagnosis: Fecal float; purging the dog or cat using arecoline hydrobromide (3.5mg/kg) and collecting feces

Treatment: Praziquantel

serious zoontic potential

Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis have a ? potential

IT IS A REPORTABLE PARASITE!!

cotyloda (pseudotapeworms)

Spirometra species and Diphyllobothrium latum

Spirometra species

Host: Dogs and cats

Intermediate host: (first) aquatic crustacean; (second) fish or frogs

Location of adults: Small intestine

Transmission route: Ingestion of infective fish or frog

Diagnosis: eggs on fecal flotation; usually do not see segments in feces

Treatment: Praziquantel

operculated eggs

Spirometra species eggs are ?

Diphyllobothrium latum

Host: Dogs, cats, and humans

Intermediate host: (first) aquatic crustacean; (second) fish

Location of adults: small intestine

Transmission route: Ingestion of infective fish

Diagnosis: Eggs on fecal floatation

Treatment: Praziquantel

terrible anemia

the Diphyllobothrium latum adults absorb vitamin B12 to such an extent that they can produce a ? in the host