apes unit 2

4 types of diversity in ecosystems

species, habitat, genetic, functional

4 ecosystem services

provision, regulating, cultural, supporting

specialist

limited diet, narrower niche

generalist

variety of diet, thrives in various environments

species richness

number of different species in a region

species evenness

how evenly the individuals are distributed among a species

fundamental niche

conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce

resilience

rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disruption

natural selection

when the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce

artificial selection

when humans determine which individuals to breed based on desired traits

mutation

a genetic change that is either helpful or harmful to an organism

phenotype

observable traits

genotype

set of inherited alleles and genes

keystone species

not very abundant but has large effects on an ecological community

invasive species

spreads rapidly across large areas and causes harm

foundation species

abundant and dominant, provides structural support to community

bottleneck effect

decline in genetic diversity due to decline in population

sympatric speciation

evolution of one species into two without geographic isolation

microevolution

evolution at the population level

allopatric speciation

occurs with geographic isolation

pioneer species

species that can survive with little to no soil

fitness

an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

adaptation

a developed trait that improves an individual’s fitness

climax community

final stage of succession

provisioning

goods produced by an ecosystem that humans can use

regulating

benefits from the natural processes and functioning of ecosystems

supporting

foundational processes and functions that make all other ecosystem services possible

cultural

non-material benefits that ecosystems provide to societies and culture