PINCH part 2 (recent ppt)

Group 1A: ALKALI METALS

• Most reactive of all metallic elements

• Cations of these elements are chemically stable

• Free elements are not found in nature

What are the Group 1A: ALKALI METALS

LITHIUM

SODIUM

POTASSIUM

AMMONIUM

Li2CO3 (lithium carbonate)

treatment of bipolar disorder

NaCl (sodium chloride)

table salt; rock salt; solar

salt; electrolyte replenisher;

component of Ringer's solution

NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate)

Baking soda; buffer, antacid, abrasive

Na2B4O7 (sodium tetraborate)

Borax, Water Softener, Antiseptic

Na2CO3 (sodium carbonate)

Washing soda, Sal soda, antacid

Na3C6H5O7 (sodium citrate)

Buffer, alkalinizer, sequestering agent

NaF (sodium fluoride)

dental prophylactic, toothpaste

NaOH (sodium hydroxide)

caustic soda; lye, saponifying

NaClO (sodium hypochlorite)

bleach, clorox, bleaching agent, dakin's solution, labarraque's solution

Na3PO4 (sodium phosphate)

saline cathartic, for gut and bowel

Na2SO4 (sodium sulfate)

Glauber's salt, Cathartic

Na2S2O4 (sodium thiosulfate)

antidote for CYANIDE

poisoning

Na2SiO4 (sodium silicate)

Water glass

NaBr (sodium bromide)

sedative (all bromide are sedative)

NaNO3 (sodium nitrate)

Chile salt peter, preservative

NaSCN (sodium thiocyanate)

-hypotensive agent (cause CN poisoning)

Na2C4H4O6 (Sodium Tartrate)

Primary standard for Karl Fisher Reagent

KHC4H4O6 (potassium acid tartrate/potassium bitartrate)

cream of tartar, caThARtic

KBr (potassium bromide)

sedative

KOH (potassium hydroxide)

caustic potash, saponifying agent

KMnO4 (potassium permanganate)

Mineral chameleon, oxidizing agent, antiseptic

MIXED WITH 1L WATER- soak feet- for treating like athletes foot)

KNaC4H4O6 . 4H2O (potassium sodium tartrate)

Rochelle salt, Sal signette, saline laxative

Sulfurated potash

LIVER OF SULFUR; HEPAR SULFURIS used for the preparation of white lotion.

K2CO3 (potassium carbonate)

potash, salt of tartar, for preparation of potassium compounds

KNO3 (Potassium Nitrate)

Salt peter; salitre, meat preservative (Tocino)

KAl(SO4)2.12H2O (hydrated potassium aluminum sulfate)

Potassium alum, astringent

NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide)

Spirit of Hartshorn, ammonia solution; mild alkalinizer

Aromatic Spirit of NH3

(Spirit of sal volatile) - reflex stimulant

(NH4)2CO3 (ammonium carbonate)

ammoniated mercury; white precipitate; anti-infective

NH4Br (ammonium bromide)

sedative, CNS depressant

NH4Cl (ammonium chloride)

sal ammoniae; expectorant, systemic acidifier; diuretic

Group 1B - COINAGE METALS

• Occur in free metallic state and are relatively easy to recover from their ores

• Malleable

• Used to make jewelries and decorative vessels

• Used for the fabrication of coins

• INSOLUBLE IN WATER

• TOXIC

What are the Group 1B - COINAGE METALS?

COPPER

SILVER

GOLD

COPPER

• Red-colored metal

• Acts as catalyst for the storage and release of iron (copper and vitamin C)

• Enhances the utilization of iron

• Menke's disease - copper

deficiency

• Wilson's disease - copper toxicity; hepatolenticular degeneration

• Antidote: British anti-Lewisite

(BAL) or DIMERCAPROL, Penicillamine (heavy metals)

CuSO4 • 5H2O (copper sulfate pentahydrate)

Blue vitriol, blue stone

Found in prep. of fehling's and Benedict's reagent,

Fungicide (1%)

Cuppric acetate in acetic acid

Barfoed's reagent

Cuppric biarsenite

Scheele's green

Cuppric acetoarsenite

Paris green, parrot green, emerald green, insecticide

Cu(OH)2 Cu(CH3COO)2 (Basic cuppric acetate)

Verdigri's paint pigment

CuSO4•5H2O and CaO (cupric sulfate pentahydrate/ calcium oxide)

Bordeaux mixture; algaecide and fungicide for swimming pool

SILVER

• Found in argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl)

• Used for prophylactic treatment of burns and in water

disinfection

• Oligodynamic effect - toxic on microbes

• silver containers keeps the water sterile over long periods of time.

• Antidote for Silver Poisoning: 6% Sodium thiosulfate and 1%

potassium ferricyanid

AgNO3 (silver nitrate)

lunar caustic; treatment of warts; highly corrosive to tissues; causes Argyria- irreversible darkening of the skin; indellible ink

Silver sulfadiazene

Prophylaxis and treatment of infections in burn wounds

Mild silver protein

Argyrol (antiseptic)

Strong silver protein/Silver proteinate

Protargol, germicidal

Colloidal silver protein

Collargol, germicidal

Colloidal silver iodide

Neosilvol, germicidal

Silver picrate

Picrotol, Picragol; treatment of vaginitis

GOLD

• Aurum - "Shining Dawn"

• King of all metals

• Most malleable and ductile metal

• Dissolved by: Agua Regia (1 part HNO3 and 3 parts HCl); Selenic acid (H2SeO4)

• Antidote for gold toxicity: BAL or Dimercaprol

• Chrysotherapy: treatment of diseases (especially RA) with gold compounds (Disease-modifying antirheumatic

drugs - DMARDS)

• Purity of gold is expressed in carats

• Gold leaf - thin sheet of gold

• Nuggets - gold dust or free gold

Gold-198 (Au-198)

radioactive isotope, anticancer

Sodium aurothiomalate

Commonly used gold-based DMARD

Auranofin

Orally available gold drug for RA (rheumatoid arthritis)

Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals

• cuz of chemical reactivity, they do not occur free in nature

• Ca, Sr, and Ba react readily with water to form hydroxides with the simultaneous evolution of hydrogen - thus resulting to strongly basic solutions

• Magnesium reacts similarly but only at elevated temperatures

• The hydroxides of Be and Mg are insoluble in water.

• The carbonates, phosphates, sulfates, and fluorides are insoluble

• Calcium gluconate- antidote for Mg poisoning

What are the Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals

MAGNESIUM

CALCIUM

BARIUM

RADIUM

Mg(OH)2 (magnesium hydroxide)

milk of magnesia; magnesia magma; antacid

( can cause diarrhea )

MgO (magnesium oxide)

Magnesia

Magnesium citrate

Lemonada purgante

MgSO4 (magnesium sulfate)

Epsom salt; saline cathartic; antidote for Ba and barbiturate poisoning.

CaCO3 (calcium carbonate)

precipitated chalk, antacid, dentrifice

CaCl2.H2O (Calcium chloride monohydrate)

muriate of lime, electrolyte replenisher

Ca(OH)2 (calcium hydroxide)

limewater; milk of lime; liquor calcis- antacid

CaO (calcium oxide)

lime; quicklime

CaSO4 . 1/2H2O (calcium sulfate hemihydrate)

Plaster of Paris (preparing bandages)

CaCl2 (calcium chloride)

chlorinated lime - bleaching agent, disinfecting agent

Calcium gluconate

calcium supplement

Ca3(PO4)2- (Calcium Phosphate)

bone ash, most important constituent of teeth and bones

BaSO4 (Barium Sulfate)

radiopaque (detect stomach ulcer)

substance in diagnostic explorations of the GIT

Ba(OH)2 (barium hydroxide)

Baryta water

MgSO4 (magnesium sulfate)

epsom salt

antidote for baritosis (barium poisoning)

RADIUM

• 2nd radioactive element discovered after uranium

• Used for making luminous paints for dials of watches and clocks and source of radiation

What are Group 2B: VOLATILE METALS?

ZINC

CADMIUM

MERCURY

ZINC

component of enzymes and insulin

MERCURY

the only metal that is liquid at room temperature

ZnO (zinc oxide)

antiseptic, astringent, treatment for eczema, psoriasis, and

other skin infections

ZnCl (zinc chloride)

burnet's disinfecting liquid

ZnS (zinc sulfide)

white lotion, lotion alba

ZnSO4 (zinc sulfate)

white vitriol, antifungal

CdSO4 (cadmium sulfate)

astringent, treatment for eye infections

(Opthalmic solution)

CdS (cadmium sulfide)

treatment for seborrheic dermatitis

Hydragyrism

prolonged exposure to mercury

SODIUM FORMALDEHYDE SULFOXYLATE MERCURY

antidote for mercury poisoning

HgNH2Cl (Ammoniated Mercury)

white precipitate, germicidal

HgO (Mercuric Oxide)

Yellow precipitate, germicidal

Group 3A: BORON Group

INDIUM

THALLIUM

BORON

ALUMINUM

GALLIUM

BOROSILICATE (Pyrex®) glass

Type I glass

Boron oxide + silicate

Extremely heat resistant

Borax and Kernite

applied as fertilizer

Borates

Detergents, cosmetics, antifungal

Boric Acid (H3BO3)

"sal sedativum"

One of the wildest acids, buffer for opthalmic soln.

Used in production of glass

Antifungal, antimicrobial

Antiseptic, tx of Athlete's foot, bacterial thrush, eyewash

BORTEZOMIB

First approved Proteosome inhibitor

For multiple myeloma

SODIUM BORATE

antibacterial for cold creams, eye wash and and mouthwash

ALUMINUM

most ABUNDANT METAL

3RD most ABUNDANT ELEMENT

Aluminum mixed with oxides, silicates and other metals

▫ Emerald: Be - Al - Cr

▫ Rubies: Al - Cr

▫ Sapphire: Al - Co

▫ Turquoise: Al - Cu

Al(OH)3 (aluminum hydroxide)

antacid

AlPO4 (aluminum phosphate)

antacid

KAl(SO4)2 ∙ 12H2O (hydrated potassium aluminum sulfate)

alum, astringent

Kaolin

hydrated aluminum silicate; adsorbent and demulcent

Bentonite

native hydrated aluminum silicate; suspending

AlCl3 (aluminum chloride)

popular ingredient in astringent, antiperspirant and deodorant in cosmetic preparations.

Aluminum acetate ( Al(CH3COO)3 )

Burrow's solution; astringent