(DDS LEC) LESSON 4: LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS

Emulsion instability can be classified as:

1. -

2. -

Reversible
Irreversible

What are the 4 types of instability?

1. -

2. -

3. -

4. -

Flocculation, creaming, and sedimentation
Coalescence
Phase separation/breaking
Phase inversion

______________, ___________, and _____________ occurs when the internal or dispersed phase upon standing tends to form aggregates or globules

Flocculation
Creaming
Sedimentation

__________________ is the merging of small internal phase droplets to form large globules

Coalescence

_________________ occurs when part of the liquid of the internal phase separates

Phase separation/breaking

________________ is when it changes from O/W to W/O or vice versa

Phase inversion

if the aggregates or globules settle at the BOTTOM, then it is _____________

sedimentation

if the aggregates or globules settle at the TOP, then it is _____________

creaming

If it is LOOSE aggregates, it is ______________
if the aggregates are FUSED TOGETHER, it is _______________

flocculation
coalescence

As long as it is EQUAL to or GREATER THAN ___% then it is still considered as the INTERNAL PHASE, but if it is LESS THAN this then it will undergo PHASE INVERSION

75

_____________ and ______________ are semisolid systems consisting of dispersion s made up of either small inorganic particles or large organic molecules enclosing and interpenetrated by a liquid

• The movement of the medium is restricted due to _______________________ of solvated macromolecules of the __________________

Gels
Magmas
interlacing 3D network of particles
dispersed phase

Concentration of gelling agents: _______% to ________%; LESS THAN _______%

0.5
2.0
10

____________ indicates dispersion of a solid substances in a medium (hydrosol, alcosol)

sol

In gels and magmas, the dispersing medium is _________ while the dispersed phase is ________

liquid
solid

What are the 2 types of gel systems?\

1. -

2. -

Single-phase gels
Two-phase gels

_____________________

• macromolecules are distributed to the point that no apparent boundaries exist

• fine interlaced network of solid particles

Single-phase gels

________________

• gel mass which consists of floccules of small, distinct particles; exhibits thixotropy

• magmas or milk (_______________) which contains Magnesium hydroxide

two-phase gels
Milk of Magnesia

___________________ is taking certain amount of liquid without measurable increase in volume.

• kahit gano ka kalakas uminom ng tubig, hindi lalaki volume mo

• can absorb liquid without increasing in volume

Imbibition

_______________ is taking certain amount of liquid with an increase in volume

• ex: _________________ which swell up to 60x its original size

Swelling
Sodium alginate

________________ is when the gel shrinks and the dispersing medium is squeezed out in droplets upon prolonged standing

• interlacing particles fuses together forming one big solid particle

syneresis

________________ refers to the reversible gel-sol formation

• in the presence of stress, it is more soluble

Thixotropy

_______________ is formed when liquid is removed from a gel and only the framework remains

• removes the dispersing medium while keeping the interlacing network

Xerogel

What are the 4 general classifications of gels?

1. _______________ - usually two phase

2. _______________ - usually single phase

3. _______________ - organic hydrogels, natural and synthetic gums, inorganic hydrogels

4. _______________ - hydrocarbon type, animal and vegetable fats, soap base greases, hydrophilic organogels

Inorganic
Organic
Hydrogels
Organogels

___________________ are colloidal systems consisting of very finely subdivided liquid or solid particles, dispersed and surrounded by gas

• pressurized dosage forms containing one or more therapeutic active ingredients which upon actuation emit a fine dispersion of liquid and or solid materials in a gaseous medium

• Target organ: ________________ for primary function: GAS EXCHANGE

• Secondary function: prevent any foreign matters to enter the tract

• Biggest challenge in formulating this: _________________________

Aerosols
Respiratory tract
kailangan di madetect as foreign mater

Aerosols are intended for the following local applications:

1. -

2. -

3. -

Nose
Mouth
Inhalations

________________ or ______________ are generally formulated as sterile aqueous solutions

___________________ uses compressed gas to convert a liquid into a spray

___________________ is when the solution is atomized using a piezoelectric crystal vibrating at high frequency

Nebulizer
Atomizer
Jet nebulizer
Ultrasonic nebulizer

___________________ is used for inhalation therapy for over 75 years

• The API were packaged in capsules and punctured prior to administration

Dry powder

______________________ (MDI) - pressurized container filled with API, excipients and propellant, and a metered-dose valve. Its first generation was formulated with CFC(chlorofluorocarbons which deplete the ozone layer) containing epinephrine HCL

Metered-Dose inhaler

______________________ was developed as an environmentally alternative to the MDI

• it has NO PROPELLANTS

Dry powder inhalers

_________________________(Vapor and liquid phase)

• SIMPLEST of all aerosol system

• consists of a solution or suspension of active ingredients in liquid propellant or a mixture of a liquid propellant and solvent

Two phase system

______________________ (Vapor, Water, and Liquid phase)

• consists of a layer of water immiscible liquid liquid propellant, a layer of highly aqueous product concentrate and the vapor phase

Three phase system

The dip tube must reach the ___________ so that every time we release it, it contains the product concentration.

The propellant must be ______________ with the product concentratoin

bottom
immiscible

_______________ and _______________ consist of solution of active ingredients in pure propellant or a mixture of propellant and solvent

Solution aerosols

_______________________ - actives are suspended or dispersed throughout the propellant

• useful for antibiotics, steroids, and poorly soluble compounds

dispersion

What are the parts of the Aerosol delivery system?

1. -

2. -

3. -

4. -

Propellants
Container
Valves
Actuators

__________________

• regarded as the “HEART OF THE AEROSOL PACKAGE” as it makes it pump out of the product

• supplies the necessary force to expel the product

• can also act as a solvent and diluent

• divided into 2:

1. -

2. -

propellants
liquified gases
compressed gases

__________________ are INERT and NON-TOXIC

• ________________________ - was discontinued by US FDA, EPA in 1978 and restricted to the use of propellants 11, 12, and 14. These are NON-FLAMMABLE and environmentally acceptable

• ________________________ - possess little expansion power and will produce a fairly wet spray and foams and not as stable as liquified gas

Liquified gases
Chlorofluorocarbon
Compressed gases

What are the 3 possible types of containers for aerosol?

1. ______________ - light and relatively expensive

2. ______________ - expensive but can withstand high pressures

3. ______________ - least amount of incompatibilities, can withstand LOW PRESSURE ONLY

Tin plated steel
aluminum
glass

___________________ regulate the flow of the product from the container in aerosols

valves

What are the 3 types of valves?

1. -

2. -

3. -

Continuous spray valves
Foam valves
Metered dose valves

_________________ allows escape of a small quantity of vaporized propellant along with the product

continuous spray valves

_____________________ is large in volume to permit immediate expansion of the pressurized product to form the foam.

• It is sued for viscous materials, recta, and vaginal forms

Foam valves

________________________ delivers a measured amount of the product

• It has 2 types:

1. -

2. -

Metered dose valves
Inverted
Upright

____________________ provide a rapid and convenient means for preleased the contents from a pressurized container

Actuators

____________ supports the actuator

stem

____________________ links the actuator, stem, and dip tube

housing

______________________ allows refraction of the actuator. It holds the spring

Spring mounting

_____________ supports the vavle

mounting cup

______________ conveys the product from the containers

dip tube

What are the 2 types of filling methods for aerosols?

1. -

2. -

Cold filling
Pressure filling

__________________

• used to fill metered aerosol products using a FLUOROCARBON PROPELLANT

• has a specific temp of: ___________ to __________ C

• Advantages: high production rate and removal of air from the container during loading by vaporizing the propellant

Steps:

1. Concentrate and refrigerated propellant

2. chilled open containers

3. valve-actuator assembly crimped onto the container

4. pressure tight seal

Cold filling
34.5
40

_______________ is for aerosol products which CANNOT BE FROZEN

Steps:

1. concentrate is added to the container

2. valve sealing

3. propellant is pressure loaded in the valve

Pressure filling