Exam 3 Prep

What are the three parts of the systems model

Environment, task and individual

What is motor control

The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

Motor control is the intergration of the

CNS, PNS, and musculoskeletal system

Motor control starts in the

receptors

What is sensory encoding

The process by which human sensory receptors convert a mechanical stimulus (such as pressure, stretch, or vibration) into an electrical signal that the brain can interpret.

What are the steps of sensory encoding

Transduction, generator potential, action potential generation

What is Transduction (sensory encoding)

The physical mechanical stimulus deforms the receptor’s membrane, mechanically opening ion channels

What is Generator Potential (Sensory Encoding)

Ion influx creates a localized, graded electrical current (receptor potential) proportional to the stimulus intensity

What is Action Potential Generation (sensory encoding)

If this graded potential reaches a specific threshold at the trigger zone, it fires all-or-none action potentials down the afferent nerve fiber

The brain is a

predictor

How many stages of sensor-motor learning are there?

3

What is stage one of sensor-motor learning

cognitive

What is stage two of sensor-motor learning

associative

What is stage three of sensor-motor learning

automatic

What is the application of sensor-motor learning

Assess and correct faulty technique

what is a related Dx for sensory-motor learning

impaired motor control

How is sensory-motor learning important to ES professionals

Motor learning is important to exercise science professionals involved in training/retraining clients with impaired motor control

Motor learning is described as

a set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for producing skilled action

Motor learning produces

relatively permanent changes in behavior

Temporary changes in sensory-motor learning equal

performance

Extremity Specifics: Sagittal plane

When using distance, motion is named for the relationship between the anterior surfaces of each segment/bone.

Extermity Specifics: Frontal Plane

When using distance, motion is named for the relationship between the anterior surfaces of each segment/bone, or body midline

Extermity Specifics: Transverse Plane

When using distance, motion is named for the anterior surface of the distal segment/bone relative to body midline

Exceptions to extremity nomenclature rules

SC joint where protraction and retraction are named for the direction that the distal clavicle moves (anterior or posterior) relative to the fixed sternum

Goniometry exceptions

• Elbow pronation/supination – use 90⁰ elbow flexion thumb up

• GH internal/external rotation – supine GH abducted to 90⁰, forearm

vertical

• GH horizontal abduction/adduction – GH abducted to 90⁰

• Knee (tibiofemoral) internal/external rotation – knee flexed to 90⁰

The human movement system includes

bones, muscles/fascia, joints, nervous system, CV system, respiratory system, GI, endocrine, integumentary, reproductive

Motor learning emerges from

a complex combination of perception/action processes (task solutions)

Randomized practice hold true in

simple and complex tasks

Guidence

physically assisting your client through the movement to be learned

Discovery

Client discoverd themselves

Knowledge of Performance

Feedback about the movement pattern the person has made.

Knowledge of Results

Terminal feedback (typically verbal) about the results of the movement.

Ex: ball or strike
Without KR learning is elimanated

ES Applications Sensory-motor learning

Awareness is the first step in movement correction (cueing)

Viscoelasticity

having both viscosity and elascitiy properties

All connective tissues are

viscoelastic

Viscous

a materials resistance to flow, higher viscosity= honey. water is low

elasticity is the connective tissues ability to

return to original length

load is

a force or forces applied to a structure

how many types of load are there

six

what are the types of load

tension, compression, bending, shear, torsion, unload

Deformation is

a change in shape in response to load

STRUCTURAL SHORTENING FLEXIBILITY SCIENCE

Positioning muscles in a prolonged (weeks) shortened position causes sarcomere absorption. Prolonged lengthening adds sarcomeres. EXRX- prolonged stretching

What is contracture

Shortening of non-contractile tissues – capsule.

FLEXIBILITY BIOMECHANICS: STRESS

The internal resistance/force within tissues in response to external forces (ligaments, muscle, bone)

FLEXIBILITY BIOMECHANICS: Strain

A unitless measure of how much an object deforms (changes in length) relative to its original length when a force or load is applied

Stress and strain=

stiffness

Yield point is when

permanent elongation begins

Failure point is when

complete rupture or fracture

plastic region is when

tissue stays elongated after the stretch (tensile load) is removed (want to avoid)

What is creep

the gradual deformation of a tissue that continues when load is maintained. (experienced during stretch)

When is creep reversable vs non reversable

reversable in the elastic region, non reversable in plastic region

What is stress relaxation

If a viscoelastic tissue is stretched to a fixed length (i.e., constant strain), the force required to maintain that length will decrease over time b/c the internal force (stress) decreases

Thixotropy

The property of a substance whereby stiffness (viscosity) increases when static, and stiffness decreases (becomes more fluid) when the substance is stirred up/warmed.

Stiffness increases when

Static

Stiffness decreases when

warm

Autogenic Inhibition

Within the same muscle

Descending Inhibition

Conscious brain input to relax (breathe into the stretch)

Reciprocal inhibition

occurs in the antagonist muscle

Mechanical stimuli is transformed into an electrical impulse so

encoding/action potential

What is the neuman axiom?

good question (MAKE THE CARD)

Stretching must be what to be effective

passive

What are the two rules to max stretch

Passive and must include both open and closed chain actions

What are the 4 flexability tests

Thomas (hip flexors), 90/90 (hamstrings), Ober (abductors), gastroc/soleus

PNF stretching is also called

hold-relax