A&P I Chapter 12

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

A) autonomic

B) peripheral

C) central

D) efferent

E) afferent

central

The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles.

A) sympathetic

B) parasympathetic

C) afferent

D) somatic

E) autonomic

somatic

The part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS is designated

A) motor.

B) afferent.

C) efferent.

D) autonomic.

E) somatic.

afferent

The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates ________ cells.

A) skeletal muscle

B) smooth muscle

C) heart muscle

D) glandular

All of the answers are correct

The nervous tissue outside of the central nervous system composes the ________ nervous system.

A) somatic

B) peripheral

C) autonomic

D) afferent

E) parasympathetic

peripheral

The ________ division of the peripheral nervous system brings sensory information to the central nervous system.

A) somatic

B) peripheral

C) autonomic

D) afferent

E) parasympathetic

afferent

The ________ division of the nervous system carries motor commands to muscles and glands.

A) spinal

B) peripheral

C) autonomic

D) afferent

E) efferent

efferent

The ________ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity.

A) somatic

B) peripheral

C) autonomic

D) afferent

E) motor

autonomic

________ carry motor information to peripheral effectors.

A) Unipolar neurons

B) Efferent neurons

C) Multipolar neurons

D) Afferent neurons

E) Interneurons

Efferent neurons

________ nerves are nerves that connect to the spinal cord.

A) Spinal

B) Cranial

C) Afferent

D) Multipolar

E) Autonomic

Spinal

________ nerves are nerves that connect to the brain.

A) Spinal

B) Unmyelinated

C) Myelinated

D) Cranial

E) Interneural

Cranial

The axoplasm of the axon contains which of the following?

A) neurotubules

B) mitochondria

C) vesicles

D) neurofibrils

All of the answers are correct

Which of the following is not a recognized structural classification for neurons?

A) anaxonic

B) bipolar

C) multipolar

D) pseudopolar

E) unipolar

pseudopolar

The most abundant class of neuron in the central nervous system is

A) anaxonic.

B) bipolar.

C) multipolar.

D) pseudopolar.

E) unipolar.

multipolar

The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus of a neuron is called the

A) protoplasm.

B) nucleoplasm.

C) sarcoplasm.

D) neuroplasm.

E) perikaryon.

perikaryon

Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called

A) neurofilaments.

B) neurofibrils.

C) perikaryon.

D) Nissl bodies.

E) microglia.

Nissl bodies

The axon is connected to the soma at the

A) telodendria.

B) synaptic terminal.

C) collaterals.

D) axon hillock.

E) synapse.

axon hillock

Branches that may occur along an axon are called

A) telodendria.

B) synaptic terminals.

C) collaterals.

D) hillocks.

E) synapses.

collaterals

Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as

A) telodendria.

B) terminals.

C) collaterals.

D) dendrites.

E) synapses.

telodendria

The site of intercellular communication between a neuron and another cell is the

A) telodendria.

B) axolemma.

C) collateral.

D) hillock.

E) synapse.

synapse

The rabies virus travels to the CNS via

A) anterograde axoplasmic transport.

B) retrograde axoplasmic transport.

C) blood vessels.

D) subcutaneous connective tissue.

E) cerebrospinal fluid.

retrograde axoplasmic transport.

Neurons that are rare, small, and lack features that distinguish dendrites from axons are called

A) anaxonic.

B) unipolar.

C) bipolar.

D) tripolar.

E) multipolar.

anaxonic

Neurons in which dendritic and axonal processes are continuous and the soma lies off to one side are called

A) anaxonic.

B) unipolar.

C) bipolar.

D) tripolar.

E) multipolar.

unipolar

Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite, with the soma in between, are called

A) anaxonic.

B) unipolar.

C) bipolar.

D) tripolar.

E) multipolar.

bipolar

Neurons that have several dendrites and a single axon are called

A) anaxonic.

B) unipolar.

C) bipolar.

D) tripolar.

E) multipolar.

multipolar

Sensory neurons of the PNS are

A) unipolar.

B) bipolar.

C) anaxonic.

D) multipolar.

E) tripolar.

unipolar

Which of the following activities or sensations is/are not monitored by interoceptors?

A) sight

B) pain

C) activities of the digestive system

D) cardiovascular activities

E) urinary activities

sight

________ are the most numerous type of neuron in the CNS.

A) Sensory neurons

B) Motor neurons

C) Unipolar neurons

D) Bipolar neurons

E) Interneurons

Interneurons

How does blocking retrograde axoplasmic transport in an axon affect the activity of a neuron?

A) The neuron becomes unable to produce neurotransmitters.

B) The neuron becomes unable to produce action potentials.

C) The soma becomes unable to export products to the synaptic terminals.

D) The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon.

E) The neuron becomes unable to depolarize when stimulated.

The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon.

Refer to Figure 12-1

The structures labeled "1" are dendrites. Their membranes contain numerous chemically- gated ion channels.

A) The first statement is true but the second statement is false.

B) The first statement is false but the second statement is true.

C) Both statements are true.

D) Both statements are false.

Both statements are true.

Refer to Figure 12-1

The structure labeled "2" is a(n)

A) neurofilament.

B) dendrite.

C) initial segment.

D) perikaryon.

E) axon.

neurofilament

Refer to Figure 12-1

Which type of membrane channels are found at label "3"?

A) voltage-gated Na+ channels

B) voltage-gated K+ channels

C) chemically-gated Na+ and K+ channels

D) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

E) both voltage-gated Na+ channels and voltage-gated K+ channels

both voltage-gated Na+ channels and voltage-gated K+ channels

Refer to Figure 12-1

Identify the structure labeled "4."

A) synaptic terminals

B) telodendria

C) dendritic spines

D) collateral branches

E) axons

telodendria

Refer to Figure 12-1

Identify the structure labeled "5."

A) axons

B) telodendria

C) dendritic spines

D) synaptic terminals

E) collateral branch

synaptic terminals

Refer to Figure 12-1

What is contained inside the structure labeled "5"? A) neuroglia

B) sodium ions

C) acetylcholinesterase

D) calcium ions

E) neurotransmitter molecules

neurotransmitter molecules

Refer to Figure 12-1

Which part(s) of the neuron can propagate an action potential?

A) 1

B) 1 and 2

C) 2 and 3

D) 3

3

Refer to Figure 12-1

On which structure do most neuron to neuron communications occur?

A) 2

B) 1

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

1

________ monitor the position of skeletal muscles and joints.

A) Proprioceptors

B) Internoceptors

C) Photoreceptors

D) Exteroceptors

E) Pressoreceptors

Proprioceptors

________ carry sensory information to the CNS.

A) Motor neurons

B) Efferent neurons

C) Multipolar neurons

D) Afferent neurons

E) Interneurons

Afferent neurons

________ provide information about the external environment.

A) Spinal nerves

B) Anaxonic neurons

C) Internoceptors

D) Exteroceptors

E) Proprioceptors

Exteroceptors

________ monitor the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems.

A) Spinal nerves

B) Unipolar neurons

C) Internoceptors

D) Exteroceptors

E) Proprioceptors

Internoceptors

The plasma membrane of an axon is called the

A) axon terminal.

B) neurilemma.

C) myelin sheath.

D) sarcolemma.

E) axolemma.

axolemma

The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the A) neuron.

B) axon.

C) nerve.

D) glial cell.

E) receptor.

neuron

The most common neuron of the nervous system is the

A) interneuron.

B) externoceptor.

C) bipolar neuron.

D) unipolar neuron.

E) microglial cell.

interneuron.

Most neurons lack ________ and so are permanently blocked from undergoing cell division.

A) ribosomes

B) endoplasmic reticula

C) a nucleus

D) centrioles

E) cytoplasm

centrioles

Deteriorating changes in the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it and the soma is called ________ degeneration.

A) neural

B) central

C) peripheral

D) Wallerian

E) conduction

Wallerian

Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?

A) support

B) memory

C) secretion of cerebrospinal fluid

D) maintenance of blood-brain barrier

E) phagocytosis

memory

Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system?

A) astrocytes

B) satellite cells

C) oligodendrocytes

D) microglia

E) ependymal cells

satellite cells

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the

A) astrocytes.

B) satellite cells.

C) oligodendrocytes.

D) microglia.

E) ependymal cells.

astrocytes

Functions of astrocytes include all of the following except

A) maintaining the blood-brain barrier.

B) conducting action potentials.

C) guiding neuron development.

D) responding to neural tissue damage.

E) forming a three-dimensional framework for the CNS.

conducting action potentials.

________ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system.

A) Axons

B) Dendrites

C) Neuroglia

D) Synapses

E) Efferent fibers

Neuroglia

The neuroglial cells that participate in maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the

A) astrocytes.

B) ependymal cells.

C) microglia.

D) oligodendrocytes.

E) Schwann cells.

astrocytes

The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by

A) astrocytes.

B) satellite cells.

C) oligodendrocytes.

D) microglia.

E) ependymal cells.

oligodendrocytes.

________ line the brain ventricles and spinal canal.

A) Astrocytes

B) Satellite cells

C) Oligodendrocytes

D) Microglia

E) Ependymal cells

Ependymal cells

Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called

A) astrocytes.

B) satellite cells.

C) oligodendrocytes.

D) microglia.

E) ependymal cells.

microglia

The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by

A) astrocytes.

B) satellite cells.

C) oligodendrocytes.

D) microglia.

E) Schwann cells.

Schwann cells

Glial cells that surround the neurons in ganglia are A) astrocytes.

B) satellite cells.

C) oligodendrocytes.

D) microglia.

E) ependymal cells.

satellite cells

Damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the

A) formation of myelin sheaths.

B) formation of cerebrospinal fluid.

C) formation of ganglia.

D) repair of axons.

E) transport of neurotransmitters within axons.

formation of cerebrospinal fluid.

When pressure is applied to neural tissue, all of the following effects are possible except

A) a decrease in blood flow.

B) a decrease in available oxygen.

C) a change in neuron excitability.

D) glial cells degenerate.

E) neurons are triggered to divide.

neurons are triggered to divide.

In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves by

A) producing new axons.

B) regenerating cell bodies for the neurons.

C) forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth.

D) clearing away cellular debris.

E) producing more satellite cells that fuse to form new axons.

forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth.

The tiny gaps between adjacent Schwann cells are called

A) neurillema.

B) nodes of Ranvier.

C) axolemma.

D) terminals.

E) vesicles.

nodes of Ranvier

Regions of the CNS with an abundance of myelinated axons constitute the ________ matter.

A) gray

B) white

C) neural

D) brain

E) ganglion

white

Regions of the CNS where neuron cell bodies dominate constitute the ________ matter.

A) white

B) gray

C) neural

D) brain

E) ganglion

gray

Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?

A) They create a three dimensional framework for the CNS.

B) They maintain the blood-brain barrier.

C) They guide neuron development.

D) They rebuild injured neurons.

E) They adjust the composition of the interstitial tissue.

They rebuild injured neurons.

All of the following cause demyelination except

A) heavy-metal ion poisoning.

B) diphtheria.

C) multiple sclerosis.

D) dopamine deficiency.

E) All of these cause demyelination.

dopamine deficiency.

Which of the following can cause demyelination?

A) arsenic poisoning

B) diphtheria

C) multiple sclerosis

D) mercury exposure

Demyelination can be caused by arsenic, diphtheria, multiple sclerosis and mercury.

Which of the following is not true regarding the establishment of a neuron's resting membrane potential?

A) Chemical and electrical forces both favor sodium ions entering the cell.

B) Electrical forces do not push sodium ions into the cell.

C) The chemical gradient for potassium ions tends to drive them out of the cell.

D) Ion pumps in the plasma membrane eject sodium ions as fast as they cross the membrane.

E) Resting membrane permeability to Na+ is very low.

Electrical forces do not push sodium ions into the cell.

At the normal resting membrane potential of a typical neuron, its sodium-potassium exchange pump transports

A) 1 intracellular sodium ion for 2 extracellular potassium ions.

B) 2 intracellular sodium ions for 1 extracellular potassium ion.

C) 3 intracellular sodium ions for 1 extracellular potassium ion.

D) 3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions.

E) 3 extracellular sodium ions for 2 intracellular potassium ions.

3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions.

Ion channels that are always open are called ________ channels.

A) active

B) gated

C) leak

D) regulated

E) local

leak

Opening of sodium channels in the axon membrane causes

A) depolarization.

B) repolarization.

C) hyperpolarization.

D) increased negative charge inside the membrane. E) inhibition.

depolarization.

Voltage-gated channels are present

A) at the motor end plate.

B) on the surface of dendrites.

C) in the membrane that covers axons.

D) on the soma of neurons.

E) along the perikaryon of neurons.

in the membrane that covers axons.

The sodium-potassium ion exchange pump

A) must reestablish ion concentrations after each action potential.

B) transports sodium ions into the cell during depolarization.

C) transports potassium ions out of the cell during repolarization.

D) moves sodium and potassium opposite to the direction of their electrochemical gradients.

E) depends on a hydrogen gradient for energy.

moves sodium and potassium opposite to the direction of their electrochemical gradients.

________ open or close in response to binding specific molecules.

A) Leak channels

B) Activated channels

C) Chemically gated channels

D) Voltage-gated channels

E) Voltage-gated and chemically gated channels

Chemically gated channels

________ channels open or close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface.

A) Voltage-gated

B) Chemically gated

C) Active

D) Mechanically gated

E) Leak

Mechanically gated

Any stimulus that opens a ________ ion channel will produce a graded potential.

A) voltage-gated

B) chemically gated

C) sodium

D) mechanically gated

All of the answers are correct

If the permeability of a resting axon to sodium ion increases,

A) the membrane potential will repolarize.

B) the membrane potential will hyperpolarize.

C) inward movement of sodium ion will increase.

D) outward movement of sodium ion will decrease.

E) inward movement of sodium will increase and the membrane will depolarize.

inward movement of sodium will increase and the membrane will depolarize.

Which of the following is not involved in creating the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

A) diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell

B) diffusion of sodium ions into the cell

C) membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions

D) membrane permeability for potassium ions greater than sodium ions

E) The interior of the plasma membrane has an excess of negative charges.

membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions

If the sodium-potassium pumps in the plasma membrane fail to function, all of the following occur except

A) the intracellular concentration of potassium ions will increase.

B) the neuron will slowly depolarize.

C) the membrane will slowly lose its capacity to generate action potentials.

D) the inside of the membrane will have a resting membrane potential that is more positive than normal.

E) the intracellular concentration of sodium ions will increase.

the intracellular concentration of potassium ions will increase.

Graded potentials

A) produce an effect that increases with distance from the point of stimulation.

B) produce an effect that spreads actively across the membrane surface.

C) may be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization.

D) are often all-or-none.

E) cause repolarization.

may be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization.

When potassium channels open and the ions diffuse through the membrane,

A) the inside of the membrane will become more positive.

B) the inside of the membrane will become more negative.

C) there will be almost no effect on transmembrane potential.

D) the membrane will become depolarized.

E) the membrane will depolarize to threshold.

the inside of the membrane will become more negative.

Ions can move across the plasma membrane in which of the following ways?

A) through voltage-gated channels as in the action potential

B) through passive or leak channels

C) by ATP-dependent ion pumps like the sodium-potassium exchange pump

D) through chemically gated channels as in neuromuscular transmission

All of the answers are correct.

Raising the potassium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid surrounding a nerve cell will have what effect?

A) depolarize it

B) hyperpolarize it

C) increase the magnitude of the potassium equilibrium potential

D) decrease the magnitude of the potassium equilibrium potential

E) both hyperpolarize it and decrease the magnitude of the potassium equilibrium potential

both hyperpolarize it and decrease the magnitude of the potassium equilibrium potential

Voltage-gated sodium channels have both an activation gate and a(n) ________ gate.

A) inactivation

B) ion

C) swinging

D) repolarization

E) threshold

inactivation

If acetylcholine (ACh) causes inhibition of a postsynaptic neuron, to what type of membrane channel did the ACh bind?

A) mechanically-regulated channel

B) voltage-regulated sodium channel

C) voltage-regulated calcium channel

D) chemically-regulated potassium channel

E) chemically-regulated sodium channel

chemically-regulated potassium channel

A movement of charges in response to a potential difference is called

A) current.

B) depolarization.

C) hyperpolarization.

D) action potential.

E) electricity.

current

The sum of the electrical and chemical forces acting on an ion is known as its

A) permeability gradient.

B) thermodynamic difference.

C) electrochemical gradient.

D) action potential.

E) summation difference.

electrochemical gradient.

A shift of the resting transmembrane potential toward 0 mV is called

A) potential difference.

B) depolarization.

C) hyperpolarization.

D) polarization.

E) repolarization.

depolarization.

The equilibrium potential of potassium is

A) -90mV.

B) -65mV.

C) -70mV.

D) +30mV.

E) +66mV.

-90mV

The equilibrium potential of sodium is

A) -90mV.

B) -65mV.

C) -70mV.

D) +30mV.

E) +66mV.

+66mV.

The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential.

1. Sodium channels are inactivated.

2. Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization.

3. Sodium channels regain their normal properties.

4. A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold.

5. A temporary hyperpolarization occurs.

6. Sodium channel activation occurs.

7. Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs.

What is the proper sequence of these events?

A) 4, 6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 1

B) 4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5

C) 6, 7, 4, 1, 2, 3, 5

D) 2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 3, 5

E) 4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3, 1

4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5

The all-or-none principle states that

A) all stimuli will produce identical action potentials.

B) all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.

C) the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the magnitude of the action potential.

D) only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials.

E) only motor stimuli can activate action potentials.

all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.

Which of the following statements about the action potential is false?

A) The rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions.

B) During the repolarization phase, sodium channels close and potassium channels open.

C) During the depolarization phase, membrane potential becomes positive.

D) During the hyperpolarization phase, the ion pumps re-establish the sodium and potassium concentrations across the cell membrane.

E) Repolarization occurs as potassium ions leave the axon.

The rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions.

How would the absolute refractory period be affected if voltage-regulated sodium channels failed to inactivate?

A) It would last indefinitely.

B) It would be much briefer.

C) It would be basically unaffected.

It would last indefinitely.

During repolarization of a neuron

A) sodium ions move out of the cell.

B) potassium ions move out of the cell.

C) potassium ions move into the cell.

D) both sodium and potassium ions move into the cell.

E) sodium ions move into the cell.

potassium ions move out of the cell.

How would a chemical that prevents the opening of voltage-regulated Na+ channels affect the function of a neuron?

A) The neuron will only be able to hyperpolarize.

B) The neuron will depolarize more rapidly.

C) Action potentials will lack a repolarization phase.

D) The neuron will automatically and repeatedly produce graded potentials.

E) The neuron will only be capable of producing graded potentials.

The neuron will only be capable of producing graded potentials.

A threshold stimulus is the

A) depolarization necessary to cause an action potential.

B) peak of an action potential.

C) hyperpolarization of an axon.

D) resting membrane potential.

E) electrical current that crosses the synaptic cleft.

depolarization necessary to cause an action potential.

Which of the following is true about threshold for an action potential?

A) It is more positive than the resting membrane potential.

B) Voltage-gated potassium channels begin to close.

C) Voltage-gated potassium channels begin to open.

D) The membrane begins to hyperpolarize.

E) Threshold for a typical neuron is approximately -30 mV.

It is more positive than the resting membrane potential.

Puffer fish poison blocks voltage-gated sodium channels like a cork. What effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons?

A) Neurons would depolarize more rapidly.

B) Action potentials would lack a repolarization phase.

C) The absolute refractory period would be shorter than normal.

D) The axon would be unable to generate action potentials.

E) None, because the chemically gated sodium channels would still function.

The axon would be unable to generate action potentials.

Use Figure 12-2 to answer the following questions:

What is occurring at the area labeled #4?

A) An inhibitory stimulus has occurred.

B) Chemically gated potassium channels have opened.

C) Excessive potassium has diffused out causing hyperpolarization.

D) Sodium ions have been pumped out of the neuron.

E) Excessive depolarization of the axon has occurred.

Excessive potassium has diffused out causing hyperpolarization.

Use Figure 12-2 to answer the following questions:

What is occurring in the area between #2 and #3?

A) An excitatory graded potential is occurring.

B) Potassium ions are entering the axon and causing depolarization.

C) Chemically gated sodium channels are open and sodium is diffusing into the axon.

D) Sodium ions are entering the axon and causing depolarization.

E) Repolarization of the axon due to sodium ions leaving the axon is occurring.

Sodium ions are entering the axon and causing depolarization.