Nursing Review: Immunology, Psychopharmacology, Bipolar Disorder, and ADHD

Vocabulary flashcards covering innate vs. adaptive immunity, first- and second-generation psychiatric medications, extrapyramidal symptoms, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, bipolar disorders, and ADHD risk factors from the class review.

Adaptive Immune System

The branch of the immune system involving $T$ cells and $B$ cells that changes and improves upon re-exposure, producing antibodies and driving autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Innate Immune System

The ever-present component of immunity present from birth that does not change or improve upon repeated exposure, encompassing defenses like macrophages and the complement system.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

An autoimmune condition driven predominantly by the adaptive immune response, in which $T$ cells and $B$ cells activate to produce antibodies, including rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies, that attack the body.

First-Generation Antipsychotics

Typical antipsychotic medications, such as Haldol, chlorpromazine, and fluphenazine, used primarily for acute episodes to control positive symptoms, carrying a higher risk of adverse effects like EPS and NMS.

Second-Generation Antipsychotics

Atypical antipsychotic medications, such as Abilify, used for long-term psychosis management to treat both positive and negative symptoms, carrying metabolic risks like weight gain, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.

Positive Symptoms

Manifestations of psychosis characterized by things added to the patient's experience, specifically hallucinations, delusions, and associative looseness.

Negative Symptoms

Symptoms of schizophrenia and psychosis that take away normal functioning, typically starting with the letter 'a', including alogia, avolition, anhedonia, and apathy.

Pseudo-parkinsonism

An extrapyramidal symptom (EPS) complication of antipsychotics presenting with Parkinson's-like features, such as muscle rigidity, stiffness, a shuffling gait, and drooling.

Tardive Dyskinesia

An adverse effect of antipsychotic medications characterized by involuntary movements, especially of the face, lips, and tongue, such as lip smacking or jerking movements.

Akathisia

An extrapyramidal symptom where the patient experiences severe motor restlessness, an inability to sit still, and constant pacing.

Acute Dystonia

An extrapyramidal reaction to antipsychotic medication manifested by acute muscle spasms, such as involuntary spasms of the neck (posterior colis).

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

A serious complication of first-generation antipsychotics characterized by muscle rigidity, unstable blood pressure, myoglobinemia, tachycardia, high fever, and diaphoresis.

Bipolar I Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by full manic episodes that impair or prevent daily functioning and may include severe delusions.

Bipolar II Disorder

A mood disorder defined by hypomanic episodes in which the individual experiences elevated energy levels but remains capable of daily functional activities.

Priority Nursing Intervention for Mania

Ensuring client safety by providing a low-stimulation environment and setting clear behavioral limits to manage impulsive, risky behaviors.

ADHD Risk Factors

Prenatal and environmental factors identified as increasing the risk for ADHD, specifically premature delivery and exposure to lead.