week 7 power point

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering key terms and concepts in human reproduction, developmental biology, obstetrics, and Mendelian genetics.

Gonads

Organs that produce gametes and sex hormones.

Gametes

Reproductive cells, specifically sperm or eggs.

AMAB

Abbreviation for Assigned Male at Birth.

AFAB

Abbreviation for Assigned Female at Birth.

Scrotum

Skin sac holding the testes that regulates temperature for sperm production.

Epididymis

Coiled tube where sperm mature and are stored.

Vas deferens

Duct that transports sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra.

Endometrium

Inner lining of the uterus that thickens each cycle in preparation for pregnancy.

Cervix

Lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina.

Menstrual Phase

Phase of the reproductive cycle (Days $1$ to $5$) characterized by the shedding of the uterine lining resulting in menstrual bleeding.

Follicular Phase

Phase of the reproductive cycle (Days $1$ to $13$) where ovaries develop a follicle and estrogen rebuilds the uterine lining.

Ovulation

Phase of the reproductive cycle occurring on Day $14$ when an egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube.

Luteal Phase

Phase of the reproductive cycle (Days $15$ to $28$) where the uterus prepares for pregnancy and hormone levels drop if no fertilization occurs.

Spermatogenesis

Process of producing sperm cells occurring continuously after puberty in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

Oogenesis

Process of producing egg cells (ova) occurring in cycles, starting before birth and continuing through reproductive years in the ovaries.

Hypospadias

A condition where the urethral opening is not located at the tip of the penis.

Cryptorchidism

A condition in which one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum before birth.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Hormonal imbalance that disrupts ovulation and is a common cause of infertility.

Endometriosis

Condition where uterine-like tissue grows outside the uterus, causing pain and fertility issues.

Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)

Early loss of ovarian function leading to irregular periods and infertility.

Klinefelter Syndrome

Genetic condition in AMAB individuals ($XXY$) causing low testosterone and reduced fertility.

Turner Syndrome

Genetic condition in AFAB individuals ($XO$) characterized by a missing or partial $X$ chromosome, leading to short stature, delayed puberty, and infertility.

Zygote

Single cell formed by fertilization containing $46$ chromosomes ($23$ from each biological parent).

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Hormone produced during pregnancy that supports early pregnancy and whose rising levels trigger morning sickness.

Quickening

Maternal feeling of fetal movement, typically occurring between weeks $16$ and $20$ of pregnancy.

Vernix

Protective skin coating covering the fetus during the second trimester.

Lanugo

Fine hair covering fetal skin during development.

Vertex position

Head-down position assumed by the fetus in the uterus, usually by week $36$ of pregnancy.

Uterine Involution

Postpartum process in which the uterus shrinks back to its pre-pregnancy size.

Lochia

Postpartum vaginal bleeding and discharge lasting up to several weeks after birth.

Prolactin

Anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands.

Oxytocin

Posterior pituitary hormone that triggers the let-down reflex for milk ejection during lactation.

Colostrum

First milk produced postpartum; a thick, yellowish fluid rich in antibodies and nutrients vital for newborn immunity.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

High blood sugar developing during pregnancy, increasing the risk for large birth weight, preterm birth, and future diabetes.

Preeclampsia

Pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure with protein in urine, swelling, or headaches.

Eclampsia

Severe form of preeclampsia that causes seizures.

Placental Abruption

Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall.

Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH)

Excessive, uncontrollable bleeding in the uterus occurring after birth.

Episiotomy

A surgical cut made to enlarge the vaginal opening and assist in delivery.

Genotype

The genetic makeup or allele combination of an organism.

Phenotype

The physical expression or observable traits of an organism.

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a specific gene.

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a specific gene.

Codominance

Inheritance pattern in which two different alleles for a gene are expressed equally, such as in type $AB$ blood.

Incomplete Dominance

Situation where neither member of a pair of alleles is dominant over the other, resulting in an intermediate physical trait such as hair texture.

GINA

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act; federal legislation that protects against genetic discrimination in health insurance and employment in the U.S.