Psychology Study Guide

NREM-1 Sleep

A light sleep stage involving mild visual patterns or light flashes.

NREM-2 Sleep

Characterized by sleep spindles for memory and K-complexes for auditory processing.

NREM-3 Sleep

Deepest sleep stage with slow delta waves, making up 10-15% of sleep.

Sleepwalking

Usually occurs during NREM-3 sleep and is more common in children.

Freudian Theory of Dreams

Dreams express unacceptable feelings and help relieve internal conflicts.

Activation-Synthesis Theory

Random brain activity triggers stored memories that the brain organizes into stories.

Information-Processing Theory of Dreams

Dreams may be a memory consolidation byproduct removing unnecessary neural associations.

Sleep Paralysis

Can occur during NREM-1 sleep, though slides lack fuller definitions.

REM Sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep, or paradoxical sleep, making up 20-25% of sleep.

REM Sleep Importance and Rebound

REM deprivation causes damage; rebound occurs after restricted REM sleep.

Circadian Rhythm

The body's sleep-wake cycle influenced by sunlight, melatonin, and photoreceptors.

Drug Dependence

Taking a drug mainly to avoid withdrawal symptoms; distinct from addiction.

Addiction

Mainly associated with craving a drug's rewarding effects, differing from dependence.

Drug Withdrawal

Symptoms from stopping drug use, like physical nausea and psychological anxiety.

Tolerance and Neuroadaptation

The brain counteracts repeated drug exposure to maintain homeostasis.

Drug Overdose and Vietnam Veterans

Slide topic on why addicted veterans might accidentally overdose when returning home.

Alcohol Effects

A depressant that slows CNS functions, reaction time, and disrupts memory.

Korsakoff Syndrome

Long-term alcohol abuse associated with amnesia and confabulation.

Cocaine Effects and Risks

Blocks neurotransmitter reuptake, leading to addiction, brain damage, and heart attacks.

Marijuana Cognitive Effects

May disrupt memory formation and affect motor and perceptual skills.

LSD Effects and Risks

Causes altered sensory input and potential flashbacks.

Ecstasy Effects and Risks

Causes dehydration, insomnia, anxiety, and potential long-term brain damage.

Drugs and Neurotransmitters

Cocaine blocks reuptake; Ecstasy releases dopamine/serotonin and blocks reuptake.

Fundamental Attribution Error

Overemphasizing personality and underemphasizing situational factors when explaining others' behavior.

Avoiding the Fundamental Attribution Error

Consider personal behavior in the same situation and think of situational explanations.

Attitudes and Behaviors

Attitudes influence behavior, but behavior can also change attitudes.

Cognitive Dissonance Definition

Uncomfortable feeling occurring when behavior does not align with beliefs.

Cognitive Dissonance Example

Eating meat while believing factory farming is wrong, leading to behavior or belief changes.

Zimbardo's Prison Study

Randomly assigned roles showed that situations can produce negative, abusive behavior.

Zimbardo Study Limitations

Concerns include demand characteristics, Hawthorne effect, selection effects, ethics, and researcher bias.

Conformity

The tendency to behave similarly to other people due to group pressure or influence.

Factors That Strengthen Conformity

Large groups, unanimity, high status, observable behavior, and difficult judgments.

Milgram's Experiments on Obedience

Study on obedience whose slide notes lacked detail for full procedural summaries.

Social Loafing

Putting in less effort when working in a group than when working alone.

Social Traps

Situations where pursuing immediate individual interests leads to worse outcomes for everyone.

Prisoner's Dilemma

Demonstrates how individual interests can conflict with the best group outcome.

Bystander Effect

The presence of others reduces the likelihood of helping someone in need.

Prejudice and Stereotypes

Prejudice is a negative attitude; stereotypes are generalized group beliefs.

Implicit and Exposure Bias

Implicit bias operates without conscious awareness in relation to prejudice.

Aggression and Media

Slides discuss genetic/environmental influences and video game research on aggression.

Mere-Exposure Effect

Repeated exposure to something can increase liking for it.

Physical Attractiveness and Symmetry

Factors related to attraction identified in the presentation.

Groupthink

Desire for agreement interferes with careful consideration of alternatives in group decisions.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Emotion and physiological arousal occur at the same time.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Physiological arousal occurs first, followed by interpretation contributing to emotion.

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

Emotion involves physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation or label.

Misattribution of Arousal

Incorrectly attributing physiological arousal to the wrong cause.

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon

Evaluating experiences relative to a reference point established by previous experiences.

Relative Deprivation

The feeling that you are worse off or have less than others.

Amygdala and Emotion

Brain structure related to emotion whose specific slide role lacked detailed notes.

Facial Expressions and Emotion

Slide topic exploring how facial expressions relate to emotional experiences.

Happiness Contributing Factors

Slide topic examining factors associated with increased happiness.

Factors Not Contributing to Happiness

Slide topic examining factors that do not contribute as much as expected.

Explanatory Style

A person's habitual way of explaining negative experiences and stress.

Lie Detection Study

Study showing people identified lies correctly 54% of the time, police 47%.

Polygraph Tests

Measures physiological stress or arousal signs, not directly detecting lies.

Stress and the Body

Slide topic discussing the stress process and physiological responses.

Stress and Immune Response

Stress can negatively affect immune functioning and health threat responses.

Learned Helplessness

Feeling unable to control situations after learning actions don't affect outcomes.

Preventable Deaths

Diseases and deaths that can be prevented through behavioral changes.

Healthcare Economics

U.S. spends more on healthcare with less return due to system inefficiencies.

Smoking Rates

Declined in US/UK/Canada, but higher in poorer countries and U.S. states.