CP Biology: Cell Structure, Cell Theory, and Membrane Transport

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering cell organelles, protein synthesis, cell theory scientists, microscopy, cell types, and membrane transport mechanisms from CP Biology notes.

The organelle that holds and protects DNA; inside it, the DNA code is copied into a single strand of RNA that can leave to guide protein synthesis.

Nucleus

Ribosomes

Small organelles composed of particles of RNA that synthesize proteins.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

An organelle studded with ribosomes on its outer surface that chemically modifies proteins.

Golgi apparatus

An organelle that further modifies proteins and packages them for transport within or outside the cell.

Vesicles

Membrane-bound sacs that transport proteins and other substances to their cellular destinations.

Cytoskeleton

A cellular framework that gives a cell structure, helps move organelles, supports cell motion, and helps maintain cell shape.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

An organelle that synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids.

Vacuole

A membrane-bound organelle that holds water and other materials in the cell.

Chromatin

DNA in its less condensed, uncoiled form within the nucleus.

Nucleolus

A specialized region inside the nucleus that produces ribosomes.

Cytoplasm

The gel-like region that holds organelles outside of the nucleus.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing digestive enzymes that help break down old organelles and biomolecules.

Cell wall

A rigid outer layer made of cellulose that provides support and protection in plant cells.

Chloroplasts

Organelles unique to plant cells that carry out photosynthesis and release oxygen.

Phospholipid bilayer

The double layer of phospholipid molecules that forms the structural foundation of the cell membrane.

Mitochondria

Organelles that convert simple sugars into ATP and function alongside chloroplasts in cellular energy processes.

Hooke

The scientist who first used the term "cell" after examining cork with an early microscope.

Schleiden

The scientist who contributed the idea to Cell Theory that all plants are composed of cells.

Schwann

The scientist who contributed the idea to Cell Theory that all animals are composed of cells.

Virchow

The scientist who contributed the idea to Cell Theory that all cells come from preexisting cells.

Cell Theory

The fundamental biological theory stating that all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms, and all cells come from preexisting cells.

High-power objective

A $40\times$ objective lens on a compound light microscope that produces a total magnification of $400\times$ and gives the smallest field of view.

Scanning electron microscope

A type of electron microscope that scans the exterior surface of a specimen.

Prokaryotes

Organisms that have a simpler cell structure than eukaryotes and lack membrane-bound organelles; bacteria are examples.

Eukaryotes

Organisms whose cells contain membrane-bound organelles and enclose their DNA inside a nucleus; examples include yeast, protists, plants, and animals.

Hydrophilic

A property describing a substance that attracts or readily interacts with water.

Passive transport

The movement of materials across a cell membrane with the concentration gradient that does not require cellular energy.

Active transport

The movement of materials across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient that requires cellular energy from ATP.

Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Exocytosis

A form of bulk transport where a membrane vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane to release particles outside the cell.

Endocytosis

A form of bulk transport where the cell takes materials in by forming or using a membrane vesicle.

Osmosis in plant cells

The behavioral changes in plant cells across different tonicities: isotonic (left; balanced water movement in and out), hypotonic (center; net water moves in, swelling the central vacuole), and hypertonic (right; net water moves out, causing the plasma membrane to pull away from the cell wall).