specific arterial diseases related to atherosclerosis

Peripheral Arterial disease

a disease of any arterial vessel OUTSIDE the heart most commonly applied to arterial problems of the LEGS

as ischemia due to narrowed peripheral arteries specifically in the legs

how does peripheral arterial disease manifest

-PAIN: ischemic pain in legs increases w/ exercise

-PARESTHESIA: numb/tingling of feet

-PALENESS: skin palor

-PULSElessness: often diminished w/ prolonged cap refill >2sec

-POIKILOTHERMIA: feet cool to the touch

5 P’s of peripheral arterial disease

-Legs look shiny as no hair grows on them

-Ischemic skin ulcers due to reduced O2 to legs

other S&S of PAD

areas of slow/sluggish bloodflow or narrow/injurred arteries

where do arterial thrombi form

Veins

is congestion related to veins or arteries

arteries

is distal tissue ichemia related to veins or arteries

distal peripheral arteries and arteriols in feet

where would an arterial thrombus of the femoral arteries travel

TRUE

T or F arterial thrombi trigger the 5 P’s

hypertension

the consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure

secondary hypertension

-Caused by altered hemodynamics associated w/ diseases such as adrenal tumor and renal problems

primary hypertension

caused by a complex set of factors; also called essential or idiopathic HTN

92-95%

what percent of HTN is primary

3rd leading cause of death in world due to widespread effect on all body organs + other risk factors associated w/ atherosclerosis

High dietary sodium causes water retention, increasing pressure in circulatory system

risk factors of PRIMARY HTN

Primary HTN

more common in men, blacks, uneducated, and type A

-Atherosclerosis

-Overactivity of symp nerv syst, Overactivity of RAAS

pathophys of primary HTN

overactivity of nervous system

-Symp nerv system becomes chronically overactivated due to mental/physical stressors (flight or fight) or genetic predisposition

-OVERACTIVITY OF RAAS

kicks in even when BP is not Low, causing vasoconstirction and increse in blood volumte, thereby increasing BP further

-Increased BP damages innermost layer of arteries and arterioles causing inflammation, inflamm releases histamines leukotrienes, prostaglandins, increasing swelling and permeability of intimal endothelial cells

-SEQUELA of SNS & RAAS overactivity

strokes

how does HTN affect the BRAIN

narrowing of tiny arterioles in retina causing changes in vision

how does HTN affect the EYES

blood and protein spill into urine: hematuria & proteinuria

how does HTN affect the RENAL SYSTEM

heart attack/other heart problems

how does HTN affect the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

aneurysm

localized dilation or outpouching of arterial vessel wall

atherosceloriss & HTN weaken arterial walls, creating bulges in certain areas. min.

dmg to intimal lining accumulates, allows blood to seep into arterial muscle/tissue increasing size of aneurysm & danger of rupture

PATHO of aneurysms

aorta

particularly susceptible to aneurysms due to constant stress on vessel walls, especially from HTN

no s&s

aortic aneurysm smaller than 5 cm has an outcome of:

abdominal aortic aneurysm

-Found by routine physical of abdomine as palpated mass

-May cause abdominal/back pain

thoracic aortic aneurysm

-Found accidnetaly by xray.

-S&S resemble heart attack,chestpain,back pain