Chapter 5: States of Consciousness - Sleep Disturbances, Hypnosis, and Meditation

Vocabulary flashcards covering sleep disturbances, dream theories, hypnosis concepts and stage tricks, meditation types, and sensory deprivation.

Drug-Dependency Insomnia

Sleeplessness that follows withdrawal from sleeping pills.

Temporary Insomnia

A brief period of sleeplessness caused by worry, stress, and excitement.

Chronic Insomnia

Sleeping troubles that last for more than three weeks.

Sleep Restriction

A behavioural remedy for insomnia where one does not recuperate sleep (no sleeping in) and avoids naps longer than 1 hour.

Stimulus Control

A behavioural remedy for insomnia involving a regular sleep schedule, using the bed only for sleep, and getting out of bed after 20 minutes if unable to sleep to perform a calm activity.

Paradoxical Intention

A behavioural remedy for insomnia in which a person stops trying to fall asleep and instead tries to stay awake.

Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)

A sleep disturbance that occurs in NREM sleep.

Sleeptalking

Speaking while asleep.

Narcolepsy

Sudden, irresistible, daytime sleep attacks that may last anywhere from a few minutes to half an hour.

Nightmares

Sleep disturbances occurring during REM sleep that are brief, easily remembered, and may occur once or twice a month.

Imagery Rehearsal

A technique to help eliminate nightmares by mentally rehearsing the changed dream before going to sleep again.

Night Terrors

A sleep disturbance featuring total panic and hallucinations during Stage 4 sleep, most common in childhood.

Sleep Apnea

Interrupted breathing during sleep that causes very loud snoring; treatable by surgery, weight loss, or a breathing mask.

Hypersomnia

Extreme daytime sleepiness.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS; Crib Death)

The sudden, unexplained death of a healthy infant; prevented in part by sleeping infants on their back or side.

REM Rebound

Extra rapid eye movement sleep following REM sleep deprivation.

Psychodynamic (Freudian) Theory

A dream theory that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces.

Wish Fulfillment

The Freudian belief that many dreams are expressions of unconscious desires.

Dream Symbols

Images in dreams that have a deeper symbolic meaning.

Hypnosis

An altered state of consciousness characterized by intensely narrowed attention and increased openness to suggestion.

Mesmer

Historical figure who believed he could cure diseases by passing magnets over the body using animal magnetism.

Basic Suggestion Effect

The tendency of hypnotized people to carry out suggested actions as though they were involuntary.

Waking Suggestibility

A stage hypnosis trick where volunteers follow any instruction because they do not want to spoil the act.

Selection of Responsive Subjects

A stage hypnosis trick where any volunteer who does not get hypnotized or follow instructions is voted off.

The Hypnosis Label Disinhibits

A stage hypnosis effect where being labeled as in a hypnotic trance removes responsibility for actions, allowing individuals to do whatever they want.

Meditation

A mental exercise designed to focus attention, interrupt the flow of thoughts, worries, and analyses, and produce a relaxation response to reduce stress.

Concentrative Meditation

Meditation in which attention is paid to a single focal point, such as an object, thought, word, or breathing.

Mantra

Word(s) or sound(s) repeated silently during concentrative meditation.

Receptive Meditation

Meditation based on widening the attention span to become aware of everything experienced at a given moment.

Sensory Deprivation

Any major reduction in the amount or variety of sensory stimulation, which provides benefits such as sensory enhancement, relaxation, and changing habits.