latin exam 2 -- supplemental info

scansion/meter rules, stylistic devices, Narcissus et Echo story, (background, characterization, Tiresias)

dactyl

one long and two short syllables : — u u

spondee

two long syllables: — —

trochee

one long and one short syllable: — u

what is meter

a pattern of long and short syllables

how many feet are in a line of meter

six

what is the first foot normally

dactyl: — u u

what is the fifth foot usually

dactyl : — u u

what is the sixth foot usually

trochee: — u

can always write the sixth foot as “— x” if you are unsure if the last syllable is long or short

caesura

any word break in the middle of any foot

what is the principal caesura

a break in the middle of the third foot or the middle of the fourth foot, marked by “| |”

ellision

literally “crushed”

if in two words, the first ends with a vowel or an m, and the second begins with a vowel or an h, the last syllable of the first word is ELLIDED (crushed) and does not count for the purpose of meter!

draw a swoop under what is elided to the next syllable

the long or short mark does not go over the elided vowel!!! it goes over the next vowel

if the second word is “est” the syllable is pronounced as the first syllable with “-st” added to the end (ex: Ēchō est —> Ēchost")

diphthongs

double vowel pronounces as one sound

ae, au, ei, eu, oe, and ui

WHENEVER YOU SEE A “U” NEXT TO A “Q” THEY ARE TAKEN TOGETHER!!!!

assonance

def: repetition of vowel sounds within words

effect: melodic, sing-songy, can add to the effect/play on the theme of the story, set mood

consonance

def: repetition of consonant sounds within words

effect: melodic, sing-songy… can add to the effect/play on the theme of the story, set mood

enjambment

def: when one sentence/thought/phrase continues past the end of a line

effect: emphasize the first word on the next line, can paint a picture with the words

hyperbaton

def: upsetting of natural word order, phrase is disrupted by the insertion of other words (eg: separation of two words (noun and adjective) that should be near each other)

effect: emphasis on first word/part of phrase, can paint a picture with the words that reflects what is going on in the story

chiasmus

def: reflecting A-B-B-A pattern of words

effect: in the Narcissus et Echo story we have been reading, this highlights the echoing nature of every dialogue

polyptoton

def: the same words are used slightly differently in close proximity—changing case, gender, number, person, etc

effect: emphasizes the word, adds a rhythm, can reinforce the message of the story or what is going on

anaphora

def: same word/words at the beginning of sentences/phrases

effect: emphasis of word/action

epiphora

def: same word/s at the end of a sentence/phrase

effect: emphasis of a word/action

Echo — characterization and background

• female moutnain/forest nymph

  • thfr she is immortal

• can only repeat the last part of what other say to her

  • she used to distract Juno by having lengthy conversations with her while Jupiter was having his affairs

  • Juno found out and punished her to this fate

• she “has a body” at the beginning of the story

  • eventually (after being rejected) she will waste away until only her soul/voice is left

• she falls in love with Narcissus one day when she sees him in the woods (locus amoenus)

  • but she is not good enough for him (no one is though!)

• she is very passionate about love

  • cannot act, can only REACT

    • the FOIL of Narcissus

• 
  

Narciussus — characterization and background

• 16 year old boy/man

  • man enough to be attractive to females and boy enough to be attractive to males

• attractive to all (both men AND women), attracted to none

• son of Līriopē (river nymph) and Cephisus (river god) through RAPE

• prophecy from Tiresias that he will live a long life “sī se non noverit” = if he does not know himself

• extremely arrogant (hubris) and prideful (superbia) (duro superbia == harsh pride)

  • wont have sex with anyone

• spends his days hunting, yet is extremely pale somehow

  • locus amoenus

Teresias

Teresias is someone who has been both a man and a woman (currently a man)

Jupiter and Juno were having a fight, because Jupiter said women enjoy sex more and Juno disagreed with him

Jupiter calls upon Tiresias to answer, since he has been both a man and a woman so he will know who enjoys sex more

Tiresias says that Jupiter is correct, and women enjoy sex more

Juno is outraged and strikes him blind in punishment

Jupiter gives Tiresias the gift of prophecy as a gift for agreeing with him

Tiresias is now known as the blind prophet

what is the prophecy about Narcissus

his mother (Līriopē) goes to Tiresias to ask if her son will live a long life (since he was born of such a negative event)
Tiresias says he will live a long life “sī se non noverit” == if he does not know/recognize himself

story of Narcissus et Echo so far

one day Narcissus is separated from his hunting companions

he calls out and asks “is anyone present?”

Echo is nearby, and repeats “present”

Narcissus looks about in all directions, and calls out for her to “Come!”

She repeats him again

he turns, but sees no one, so he asks “why are you running away from me?”

She repeats him again

he persists, and although he is being deceived by her voice, he does not know this

he calls out “here, let us be united!”

and she repeats “be united!”

Echo comes out of the woods so she can throw her arms around Narcissus (hug)

hiatus

when an elision is not observed

future active participle

“to be about to ___”

recognize with “-ur-” infix in suffix

ex: rapturus, -a, -um = about to be taken

perfect passive participle

“having been ___-ed”

recognize the fourth principle part

ex: raptus, -a, -um = having been taken

present active participle

“being ___-ed” or “while ___-ing”

recognize from “-nt-” or “-ns” in suffix

ex: rapiens, rapientis, etc = being taken, while being taken