BETTER unit 3 history

4 things Jefferson did

1. Cut army and Navy (followed his philosophy)

2. Sally Hemings

3. Louisiana Purchase (1803) - very good, did NOT follow his philosophy.

4. Embargo Act- very bad & against his philosophy (strong federal power)

Jefferson 1800

3rd president (HATED IT)

“Man of the People” - not really

constantly stressed as president (migraines)

compared being in the White House to being imprisoned.

tombstone lists his accomplishments — but not “President of the United States.”

“We are all Republicans.  We are all Federalists” (peaceful transition of power)

lived for 83 years

extra: promised he would never remarry

Sally Hemings

38-year relationship with jefferson

began when she was 14

he freed their kids

could have stayed free in France but chose to return to Virginia under

conditions (reportedly including freedom for their children).

six kids- 4 survived

Louisiana Purchase (1803) – “Very Good”

France sold the Louisiana Territory for 15 mill

(3 cents an acre)

doubled the size of the U.S. opened huge western lands to farmers.

jefferson puts US and debt and interprets a lose view of constitution in order to buy land (very hamilliton) !

Jefferson cutting army and navy

• federal government should be small and weak.

• president he cut (gutted) the army and navy

NO NAVY = Britain and France hijacked U.S.

merchant ships and we couldn’t stop them.

Embargo Act of 1807 – “Very Bad”

Background: Britain and France were still seizing American ships.

Jefferson had weakened the navy, the U.S. couldn’t stop them by force.

law passed- shut down ALL American overseas trade

ECONOMIC DISASTER

massive backfire at home, devastates the economy.

WAR OF 1812 reasons-

OFFICAL- impressment and hijacking (britain agreed to stop months earlier)

REAL REASON- Britain distracted fighting Napoleon

lets invade and TAKE CANADA (especially war hawks)

WAR HAWKS

Young pro-war members of Congress from the West.

• Led by Henry Clay (Speaker of the House).

• They wanted land (Canada, West), and glory like their fathers had in the Revolution.

1812 war break down

1- U.S. tries to invade Canada: 3x we fail, then we burn gov buildings in York (British capital of Canada, today- Toronto)

2. Britain finishes beating France in Europe.

Now they can send real troops and ships to North America — and they are angry.

3.. British invade America- Capture Washington, D.C. (1814).

British march into the capital and burn public buildings, White House and Capitol.

. 4. Battle of New Orleans (1815).

Battle of New Orleans

British troops attack New Orleans.

o U.S. forces under Andrew Jackson are dug in, using frontier-style tactics.

o British fought in old-school straight lines and got destroyed.

o Overwhelming American victory

o Result: Jackson becomes a national hero

american- over 300

british- over 2000

twist of new orleans

The Treaty of Ghent (peace treaty ending the war) had already been signed about two

weeks earlier.

• News traveled slowly, so Americans heard “Huge victory at New Orleans!” before they

heard “War’s already over.”

• That made Jackson look like the savior of America.

Results of the War of 1812 (know all four)

1. Two new American heroes who will become presidents:

o Andrew Jackson-hero of New Orleans

o William Henry Harrison-hero against Tecumseh

2. End of effective Native American resistance.

3. End of the Federalist Party.

4. Huge surge of American nationalism/patriotism.

o People started calling themselves “Americans,” not just “Virginians,” “New Yorkers,” etc.

James Monroe

(1816-1824)

Last president from the Revolutionary generation.

Sometimes called the last of the “Founding Father era.”

Issue #1: Missouri Compromise (1820)

Issue #2: Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Issue #1: Missouri Compromise (1820)

the land from the Louisiana Purchase will be free or slave?

slavery became a national crisis in Congress.

• Missouri (part of the Louisiana Purchase) wanted to enter as a slave state.

• Northerners worried that would set the pattern for the entire West.

clay creates 3 part compromise- 1. Missouri enters as a slave state.

2. Maine enters as a free state.

3. For future states from the Louisiana Purchase:

o Anything north of 36°30' latitude will be free.

Why this is important:

• It keeps the balance between free and slave states

• treated at the time almost like a sacred document.

• BUT it only lasts about 30 years. Congress will later repeal it in the 1850s, and that leads

to the Civil War.

Issue #2: Monroe Doctrine (1823)

background: Many Latin American countries (Mexico, etc.) had just kicked out Spain and declared

independence.

• The U.S. warned Europe: No new colonies in the Americas. Stay out.

idea came from Secretary of State John Quincy Adams

first time the U.S. claims kind of a “big brother” role in the Americas.

CATCH- The Monroe Doctrine told Europe to stay out did not say the U.S. would stay out.

Over the next century-plus, the U.S. will constantly intervene in Central and South America.

Erie Canal

NORTH

economic superhighway opens the Midwest up to consumer goods

makes for easier transportation.

Leads to more industry in the north.

Brainchild of NY Governor DeWitt Clinton

Cotton Gin

SOUTH

agriculture= new invention

cotton= “white gold”

makes the south dependent on cotton and slavery

south will want to take cotton and slaves west/ north say no = later on civil war

Power loom

North

accelerates the growth of factories

weaves the cotton into cloth.

Westward expansion

After the Louisiana Purchase, Americans are racing west for land.

By the 1820s, huge areas of land are available very cheap or free.

Native people are pushed aside as Americans move west.

Mexico controls a lot of what will become the Southwest and Texas — Americans are already eyeing it.

Native Resistance and Tecumseh

during war of 1812 era

Native Americans were also fighting U.S. expansion.

Native military leader: Tecumseh (Shawnee)

Tecumseh

Native military leader: (Shawnee)

stop fighting tribe vs. tribe. Unite all tribes into one large confederation

to resist U.S. land grab

success in organizing the northern tribes

little success in organizing the southern tribes, they have assimilated into American society.

The prophet

Tecumseh brother

spirtual leader

was supposed to watch the tribes in Prophetown Indiana (not fight)

didnt listen- spirtual powers would protect from bullets

Tippecanoe (1811) 1st battle

Gen. William Henry Harrison attacks Native-American army

while Tecumseh is away in the south.

Destroys his northern army

Thames (pronounced “Tims,” 1813) 2nd battle

Harrison’s troops defeat remaining Native

kill Tecumseh.

After Tecumseh’s death, there is no large-scale effective Native military resistance left.

It’s pretty much the end of Native American resistance to westward American expansion.

Daniel Boone

first American action hero,

early frontier/ settles Kentucky,

expansion past the Appalachians.]

AGAINST the shawnee

Lewis and Clark

• exploring Louisiana territory to Pacific Northwest

• Sacajawea saves them

• first Americans to reach Pacific ocean overland

Jedediah Smith

• exploring rock mountains

• frontier hard currency- beaver polts

• 6000 cal a day = 10 whataburgers

• Fronteirs most terrifying beast = grizzly bear

• trails become interstate 15

Donner Party

• Trying to make it to cali (tragic wagon train)

• Hastings Cutoff- “shortcut” adds 100 miles

• 30 miles from cali they have a breakdown and are stranded in 60 ft of snow

• eat the dead, but not their own relatives

• under them- GOLD

andrew Jackson- 1828-1836

First president not from the original 13 colonies.

Branded himself as the champion of the “common man.”

Ran against the “establishment” (John Quincy Adams, elites, banks, etc.).

jackson and trump

negative campaigns- corrupt bargin

trump- short temper

• both against federal reserve

• indian removal- deportation

5 issues under Jackson

Issue 1: Negative Campaigns / “Corrupt Bargain”

Issue 2: Bank of the United States (BUS)

Issue 3: Indian Removal / Trail of Tears

Issue 4: Texas

Issue 5: Birth of New Parties

jackson issue- Issue 5: Birth of New Parties

old Democratic-Republican Party splits.

Jackson’s wing becomes the modern Democratic Party.

Jackson → Democrats.

Whig Party

united mainly by “we hate Andrew Jackson.”

Whigs will briefly win the White House then fall apart.

\ Whigs collapse, the new Republican Party will rise in the 1850s

Anti-Jackson → Whigs → later Republicans

Issue 4: Texas JACKSON

• Mexico originally encouraged Americans to settle Texas with big land grants.

-Mexico abolished slavery-Texas rebels

Those Americans (including Sam Houston and Davy Crockett) resist Mexican rule.

The Alamo becomes a heroic/tragic story

Battle of San Jacinto (1836):

• Sam Houston captures Mexican leader Santa Anna

• forces him to sign a treaty.

• Texas declares independence.

  o Mexico says “No, you’re still ours.”- Mexico later rejected the treaty's legitimacy and continued claiming Texas.

  • Texas asks to join the U.S.

Jackson says not yet because it’s 1836 (election year) and Texas is a SLAVE territory.

o He doesn’t want slavery to blow up the election for his chosen successor.

• Result: Texas remains its own (slaveholding) republic for 9 years.

The fight over adding Texas will help lead to the U.S.-Mexico War.

Issue 3: Indian Removal / Trail of Tears - JACKSON

-Gave tribes two years to leave their homes and move west (Oklahoma).

The Supreme Court actually ruled in favor of the tribes’ right to stay. Cherokees v. Georgia.

Jackson ignored the Court and sent in the army anyway.

Forced marches west became known as the Trail of Tears.

Roughly 1 in 4 (about 25%) of the people forced west died.

The “Five Civilized Tribes”

Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw

Adopted many white/American customs

o Lived in houses, farmed, even owned enslaved people

o Had treaties promising they could keep their land

• Southern slaveholders wanted that land for cotton.

Issue 2: Bank of the United States (BUS)- JACKSON

BUS= bank of united states : federal government kept its money helped stabilize the economy

Jackson hated it and killed it, saying it favored the rich.

federal government then places its money in smaller state banks fun by Jackson’s friends. Leads to corruption and economic instability.

After the BUS is gone, the U.S. has repeated financial panics and depressions through the 1800s.

don’t get lasting stability again until the Federal Reserve System (1913).

Issue 1: Negative Campaigns / “Corrupt Bargain” JACKSON

Election of 1824:

Election of 1828

Election of 1824:

o 4 Democratic-Republicans run.

• Jackson received the most votes but did not win an Electoral College majority.

• The House of Representatives had to choose the president.

• Henry Clay, Speaker of the House, disliked Jackson and supported John Quincy Adams.

• Adams won the presidency.

• Adams then appointed Henry Clay as Secretary of State.

• Jackson accused them of making a "corrupt bargain."

• Jackson returned to Tennessee and planned to run again.

Due to this “scandal” John Quincy Adams does not have a successful presidency.

Election of 1828

Adams side: “Jackson is a killer and his wife is immoral.”

Jackson side: “Adams is corrupt and decadent.”

Jackson’s wife Rachel dies right after the election; Jackson blames the attacks.

who is this

Shannon Lanier. 

sixth-great-grandson of Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings.

effect of embargo act

farmers (jefferson supporters)- cant send crops overseas

New England cant ship- they start building factories *IRONIC HOW HAMILTON

Jefferson + Adams

They didn't talk to each other for over ten years.

• later on wrote letters and renewed their friendship.

both died on the same day, July 4, 1826 the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.

Henry Clay

Ran 4x

Speaker of House of Rep (controls congress)

Wants US united

leader of warhawks

BAD- pushed US war to get canada

"corrupt bargain"- Secretary of State under President John Quincy Adams

TWO BATTLES AGAINST ENGLAND (Maddison)

1.America Invaded-White House Destroyed

2.  Battle of New Orleans

William Henry Harrison

• american gen

• tippecanoe and thames

• troops to prophetown indiana

• 
  

secretary of State: John Quincy Adams

MONROE secretary of state

John Adams's oldest son

best Secretaries of State ever

Secretaries of State Becoming Presidents

• Thomas Jefferson → James Madison

• James Madison → James Monroe

• James Monroe → John Quincy Adams

pattern ended with John Quincy Adams, who became the 6th president in 1825. His Secretary of State, Henry Clay, did not become the next president.

Sam Houston

• Former governor of Tennessee and friend of Andrew Jackson.

• Became the main military leader of the Texas Revolution.

• Led the fight for Texas independence.

• Later became an important political leader in Texas.

Davy Crockett

• Former Tennessee congressman.

• Opposed forcing Native Americans from their land.

• Lost his reelection.

• Traveled to Texas hoping for a fresh political start.

• Became involved in the Battle of the Alamo.

Battle of the Alamo

• Mexican forces attacked Texans at the Alamo.

• Davy Crockett was among those who died.

• The battle gave Sam Houston more time to organize his army.

who this

James Maddison

who

henry clay

who

dolly maddison

Dolley Madison saving the portrait of George Washington right before the British capture Washington DC and burn down the White House.

andrew jackson ($20)

Cherokees : assimilated into American society:

William Henry Harrison

james monroe

John Quincy Adams

Richard Gatchell. 

fifth-great-grandfather is President James Monroe.

Donner Lake.

sam houston- Oodseeauduteskey

Davy Crockett

free states

• Iowa: Des Moines

• Minnesota: Saint Paul

• Kansas: Topeka

• Nebraska: Lincoln

• Colorado: Denver

• North Dakota: Bismarck

• South Dakota: Pierre

• Montana: Helena

• Wyoming: Cheyenne

slave

)

• Louisiana: Baton Rouge

• Missouri: Jefferson City

• Arkansas: Little Rock

• Oklahoma: Oklahoma City

first 7 and where they from

1. George Washington — Virginia

2. John Adams — Massachusetts

3. Thomas Jefferson — Virginia

4. James Madison — Virginia

5. James Monroe — Virginia

6. John Quincy Adams — Massachusetts

7. Andrew Jackson — Born in the Carolinas, lived in Tennessee