AP Bio unit 1 (part 2: carbon)

all life is built on what Element

Carbon

The study of carbon compounds

Organic chemistry

how many stable covalent bonds can carbon form

four

what is the polarity of hydrocarbons?

Nonpolar

combinations of carbon and hydrogen, create what

Hydrocarbon

• stable

• Very little attraction between molecules

• A gas at room temperature

Hydrocarbons

molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structures

• Different chemical properties and biological functions

Isomers

molecules that share the same molecular formula and Bonds, but differ in the three dimensional orientation of their atoms in space

Stereoisomers

prescribed to pregnant women in the 50s and 60s reduced morning sickness, but caused severe birth defects

• Is an example of a stereoisomer

thalidomide

what are the six functional groups?

1. Hydroxy

2. Carbonyl

3. carboxyl

4. Amino

5. sulfhydryl

6. Phosphate

parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions

functional groups

in what two ways can functional groups affect reactivity

1. makes hydrocarbon hydrophilic

2. Increase solubility in water

Basic structure of male and female hormones is identical in their carbon skeletons, but the attachment and different ____ ____ Causes different effects

Functional groups

-CH3

• Non-polar side chain

• The molecule as a whole can still be polar depend, depending on the arrangement of the rest of the atoms

methyl

-OH

• organic compounds with OH = alcohols

• names typically end in -ol

• example: ethanol

Hydroxy

C=O

• O double bonded to C

• if C=O at end of molecule —> aldehyde

• if C=O in muscle of molecule —> ketone

carbonyl

-COOH

• C double bonded to O and single bonded to OH group

• compounds with COOH = acids

• examples: fatty acids and amino acids

Carboxy

-NH2

• N Attracted to 2 H

• Compounds with NH2 = amines

• example: amino acids

• NH2 acts as a base

amino

-SH

• S bonded to H

• Compounds with SH = thiols

• SH group stabilize the structure proteins

sulfhydryl

-PO4

• P bond to 4 O

• Connect to C through a O

• lots of O = Lots of negative charge making it highly reactive

• Transfers, energy between organic molecules, like ATP, GTP etc.

phosphate