EXAM #2

difference between a necessary and a sufficient criterion

• necessary - symptom must be present

• sufficient - symptom alone be present

why isn’t statistical deviance necessary or sufficient?

• humans are too complex, relying solely on number leaves alot of room for change

why isn’t cultural deviance necessary or sufficient

• what isnt the normal for that specific era or culture does not equal a mental illness

  • example:homosexuality

why isn’t observer discomfort necessary or sufficient?

• Mandela and Parks made other uncomfortable with their forward thinking and actions

• well some psychopaths are very charismatic

• what others are comfortable with is not the same with what aren’t

why isn’t emotional distress necessary or sufficient?

• because life events happen that can cause a person to go through emotional distress

• when someone is grieving does not equal a mental illness

give an example of why emotional distress isn’t necessary or sufficient?

grief

limitations of maladaptive behavior as a criterion

context changes

subjectiveness

why can’t any single criterion define abnormality on its own

Statistical Infrequency

how does DSM operationalize what counts as a mental disorder

clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

for social anxiety disorder, what makes the fear or anxiety “out of proportion”?

it is not in the right context of the situation that they are in

what is the duration requirement for social anxiety disorder

6 months or more

define prevalence

percentage of the population with the disorder

difference between lifetime and point prevalence?

• point = snapshot of active cases

• lifetime = cumlative

define incidence

rate of new cases in a given place and time

define comorbidity

two or more disorders in the same person at the same time

what are the benefits of labeling a disorder

• validation

• support

• allocation of resources

• predicting behavior = knowing how to respond

what are the costs of labeling a disorder

• confirmation bias

• over diagnosis

• stigma

how does confirmation bias show up after someone gets a diagnosis

• validating initial impression

• disregarding conflicting data

what does the SSRI mention study suggest about expectations?

• if you ask about SSRI’s v. if you don’t (Zoloft)

  • oh what about Zoloft v. staying quiet

• you will have a higher chance of leaving with a prescription

what’s the difference between positive and negative symptoms

• positive symptoms- adds something there that shouldn’t

• negative symptoms - removes something that should

what’s the difference between hallucinations and delusions

• hallucinations = sensory experiences without the stimulation

• delusions = false beliefs in the face of evidence to the contrary

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

• delusions

• hallucinations

• disorganized behavior

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

• social withdrawal

• anhedonia

• flattened affect

• catatonia

cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

disorganized speech

disorganized thought

what is needed for a schizophrenia diagnosis

positive or cognitive symptoms

for at least six months

how common is schizophrenia

1% of the population develops schizophrenia

gender differences of schizophrenia (and the one exception)

• men develop it earlier in life

• women later in life

genetic link to schizophrenia

• you see a link for parental or identical twins

• however, not ALL family will get it

• not a single gene, but their is some genetics involved

expected course of schizophrenia

• 1/3 recover completely

• 1/3 better but recurring problems

• 1/3 severely affected

why is there immense variability in MDD?

because the same disorder does not show up the same for everyone

what does the “1030 unique profiles” point mean?

there are different cases and show how there is so much variety in the illness

prevalence for MDD

• lifetime - 20.4%

• 12-month 10.6%

comorbidity for MDD

anxiety disorders, substance-related disorder

incidence for MDD

increased every year since early 1900s

why are women more likely to attempt and men complete?

men have more lethal methods of committing

means reduction in suicide prevention?

rails on bridges - changing gas

expected course of MDD

• 50% have no future episodes

• 35% recurrent episodes

• 15% ongoing/unremitting episodes

historical “treatments”?

they tried their best to adapt to what they thought was the problem

what did historical treatments reveal about how mental illness was understood?

mental illness wasn’t a really something that was acknowledge but something to push away

what is insight-oriented treatment?

therapy works by increasing patients self-understanding

what is Freud’s thinking of mental illness

misbalance between ID, Superego, and Ego it will lead to mental illness

the three core feature of humanistic therapy

• genuineness

• accurate empathetic understanding

• unconditional positive regard

what is the ABC model

• A = activating event

• B = beliefs

• C = consequences

activating event leads to particular belief leads to consequence

cognitive approach to deal with maladaptive beliefs

identifying dysfunctional beliefs and logical errors in thinking

and challenging it

difference between exposure therapy and modeling

exposure puts the patient in the situation

modeling makes the patient view someone else in the situation

is there a best treatment?

different psychotherapies produce equivalent results

what shared mechanisms might explain similar results across therapies

• therapeutic alliance

• providing hope and reassurance

• fostering new ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving

what does the effectiveness of treatment depend on?

prompt intervention, willingness of patient,

how did terman and Binet differ in their views

terman:

• viewed intellengence as innate

  • only cared about the high end of IQ

Binet

• intelliengce as something mailable

  • cared about lower IQ children

how is IQ derived

mental age/chronological age x 100

fixed mindset?

• intelligence is fixed and cannot be changed

growth mindset?

• intelligence can change through effort and experience

how do the beliefs of those around us shape mindset

how the people around us talk and encourage us

what does the enrichment study show

SES matters on effect of environment

support matters

how does threatened identity relate to cheating

• they dont want the identity that was perceived off them to be damaged = leading to cheating

can brief interventions change mindset

yes, through relearning

beyond intelligence, what role do passion and perseverance play

• how far you can go with putting in effort

“ability, zeal, capacity for hard labor” idea about natural intelligence

something to have to have talent v. normal

paradox of choice

we want choices, but too many make decisions harder and less satisfying

jam study

• shoppes saw either 6 jams or 24 jams

  • 24 jams: 60% stopped to look, only 3% bought

  • 6 jams: 40% stopped, but 30% bought

• more options drew more attention but fewer purchases

system 1

• automatic

• intuitive

• “hot”

• effortless

• implicit

system 2

• controlled

• deliberative

• “cold”

• slow

• conscious

• explicit

how do system 1 and 2 work together

operate as a highly integrated dual-processes

framing effects

occur when people completely different conclusions about a choice based solely on how information is presented

difference between a loss frame and a gain frame

• gain frame: positive benefits

• loss frame: negative costs

availability heuristic

how likely something is by how easily examples come to mind

• diagnose common illnesses or things seen alot lately

representative heuristic

judging wheter something belongs in a category based on how typical it seems of that category

• patients that don’t fit the prototype of a diagnosis can be misdiagnosed

why do we prefer parts over whole?

find specific fragments easier to manage than whole

what is conjunction fallacy

where people assume that a specific combination of conditions is more likely to happen than a single generic one

difference between the heuristics

• availability

  • quick to diagnose (common illnesses or seen alot lately)

• representativeness

  • don’t fit the stereotype of diagnosis get misdiagnosed

confirmation bias

tendency to look for and weight evidence that confirms pre-existing beliefs

somatogenic theory (cause and treatment)

cause:

• physical illness

• genes

• brain damage

• imbalances

Treatment

• humorist

• smelly substances

• medication

• purges

• wandering uterus

supernatural theory (cause and treatment)

• demons, gods’ displeasure, sin, curses

• excorism, prayer, deprivation of needs, trephination

psychogenic theory (cause and treatment)

• trauma, stress, distorted thinking

• moral treatment

  • psychotherapy

  • hypnosis

  • etc