IB Psych unit 1 test

Lab Expierements

complete control, research manipulates independent variable, and measures the effect on the dependent variable in a controlled environment, allowing for high internal validity.

Field experiments

research conducted in a natural setting, where the independent variable is manipulated and the effects on the dependent variable are measured, allowing for more ecological validity than lab experiments.

Natural experiments

research conducted in real-world settings where the independent variable is naturally occurring, allowing researchers to observe its effects on the dependent variable without manipulation.

Rosenthal and Jacobson study

examined the impact of teacher expectations on student performance, demonstrating that higher expectations can lead to improved academic outcomes.

Rosenthal and Jacobson aim

was to investigate how teacher expectations influence student performance and achievement.

Rosenthal and Jacobson procedure

give students and IQ test, the teachers were told it was the Harvard Test f Inflected Acquisition, they were also told that if the students scored good then the student would improve academically. The teachers were told that they were put into groups based on score, but the groups were randomly sorted. After 8 months they did a retest

The reason Rosenthal is a field study

The school is a natural condition and also this is in real life settings and the researchers had less control of how the teachers respond to the scores and teachers have natural bias

Random sampling

every member of the target population has an sufficient sampling size means considering all possible essential characteristics of the target population, however this is very hard to obatain.

Stratified sampling

theory driven, you decide essential characteristics The sample has to reflect. Then study the distribution of the characteristics in the target population. The recruit your participants in a way keep the same proportions in the sample properly in the samples observed in the population.

Opportunity/convenience sampling

Recruit participants that are more easily available, and only one willing to participate. Easy and sheep to obtain. People are not different in phenomenon being studied. Used when generalizability isn’t a concern.

Self selected sampling

Recruiting volunteer, to get volunteers you can advertise experiment, a limitation is representativeness. People who are motivated and looking for initiatives.

Proposive sampling

Researchers intentionally select participants based on one specific trait and it is needed to answer researchers question

Snowball sampling

Current study participants help recruit future participants from people they know, used one the question is taboo or embarrassing

Pelvin and Rodin study aim

How various situational factors may influence pro social behavior

palaivin and rodin study procedure

New York subway travelers who were observed between 11 AM and 3 PM. While they were on a nonstop 7.5 minute journey between Stations, they would witness one of two scenarios, either a man with a cane who appeared to L or a man who appeared drunk, so the confederate collapse to the floor for 20 seconds into the trip and remained until helped, and it was to measure various forms of helping behavior

palaivin and rodin study Results

People took longer to help the drunk man than ill man, 78% of the time someone helped spontaneously and 72 out of 75 trials were the victim had a cane and 1938 when the victim was drunk 60% of the time someone helped the drunk man and it was more than one person involved

palaivin and rodin study Reason study is connected to target

This study is connected to the target because it relies on how specific characteristics of the target dictate whether bystanders want to help and it is based in a subway where it is cheap and available so it is a opportunity/convenience sampling, and also the time that they did the study 11 AM between 3 PM it was more available the time so it was midday and also it was a diverse sample because it’s New York

Consent

The participant in a study must be voluntary, and participants must be fully understand of the involvement that they are in in the study, and they must be informed of the study and the aim of the study

protection from harm

During the study participants must be protected from physical or mental harm and this includes possible negative long-term consequences of the participants in a research study

Confidentiality, anonymity

Participation in a research study is confidential if there is someone who can connect the results of the study to the identity of the particular participant, but it can’t affect honesty and answers and confidentiality means that the researcher knows your name, but anonymity means that no one knows your name

Deception

The name of the study cannot be revealed to the participants because it might change their behavior. However, deception is kept to a minimum.

Right to withdraw

Must be told this participates are valid to withdraw and researchers should not get in the way of their withdrawal

Debriefing

The participants are fully informed about this nature and the true aims and how data will be sorted and used, and it is after the study and must be given the rights to withdraw the results

milgram study pain

Humans have a tendency to obey other people who are in position of authority, figure over them, even if obedience violated their moral code and ethical behavior

Milligram study procedure

Milgrim used a shock generator a large electronic device with 30 toggle switches labeled with voltage levels. He had a rig draw so the subject would be ordered to be in a administrator of shock levels. That increase to the other person no one was actually shocked and the subjects were all males.

Milligram results

65% of the time followed experiments order and gave the top shock scale however, the participants were in distress, but still obeyed

The reason the milligram study is connected to target

The participants were told that it was a immunization study, even though it wasn’t so they were deceptive, and they consented to the wrong end. But when I got distressing, they still obeyed, but this participant still were in distress that could have long-term mental harm on them.

Triangulation in qualitative study

Refers to the combination of different approaches to collecting an interpreting data

Method triangulation

If same results are obtained using various methods then the credibility increases

Theory triangulation

The combination of using multiple perspectives or theories to interpret data

Data triangulation

Using data from variety of sources, to gain a clear understanding

Researcher triangulation

Combining the observations, interpretations of different researchers to increase credibility

Reflexivity and one qualitative study

Researchers should reflect on the possibility that their own biases might have interfered with observations or interpretations

Epistemological reflexivity

Knowledge of strengths and limitations of the method they used to collect data

Personal reflexivity

Personal beliefs and expectations of the researcher that might affect the data collected

Rosenhan study aim

To investigate whether psychiatrist in a naturalistic setting could tell the difference between sane and insane people

Rosenhan procedure

Eight mentally healthy subjects tried to gain admission to a psychiatric hospitals. In the interview with the psychiatrist, the pseudo patient follow a script of where they said that they heard voice saying empty and hollow and third. All of these were made up. On admission, they acted normal and told the staff that they feel normal.

Rosenhan results

Seven out of eight patients were diagnosed with schizophrenia, it took 19 days to get out of the mental hospital, with schizophrenia and remission

Rosenhan reason study is connected to target

The reason the researcher triangulation is because there are eight researchers with different observations and interpretations at the mental hospital. The reason why it is personal reflexivity is because the researchers all have different backgrounds and occupations and biases and personal beliefs that might affect their interpreted data.

Social desirability, bias, and qualitative Research

Participants tendency to respond or behave in a way that they think will make them more liked or accepted

Acquiesce bias in qualatative research

Tendency to give positive answers whatever the question is

Dominant respondent, bias, and qualitative research

This can happen in a focus group where group interview setting when one of the participants influences the behavior and responses of other participants

Sensitivity, bias, and qualitative research

Tendency of participants to answer regular questions honestly but distort their responses to questions on sensitive, subject subjects

confirmation bias in a qualitative research

This is a research bias, researcher has prior belief and uses the research in an unintentional attempt to confirm their belief and it is to prove that they’re right

Leading question, bias, and qualitative research

Respondents in an interview are inclined to answer in a certain way because of the wording of the question encouraged them to choose so by the research this is an example of researcher bias

Question order bias in a qualitative research

One question influences the participants responses to the following questions and this is an example of research or bias

Sampling bias in qualitative research

Sampling is not adequate for the aims of the research and this is an example of researcher bias

Biased reporting in a qualitative research

Some findings of the study are not equally represented in the research report and this is an example of researcher bias

Demand characteristics in a quantitative research and how it can be controlled

participants understand the purpose of the experiment and change the behavior subconsciously to fit that interpretation and it Is what the experimental expects in the study and it can be controlled by a single blind control where the participants are unaware of the study topic and what the group they’re in

Experimenter bias, and how can be controlled

This is used in a quantitative study, and it is where the situation in which the researcher unintentionally exerts influence on the results of the study, and it can be controlled by a double blind control where information that could introduce bias is withheld both from the participants and from the people of the experiment, so both the participant and the researcher don’t know the aim of the study groups, and there is a third-party involved in this type of research

Rosenthal and fore study aim

Whether or whether or not experimenter affects can occur in studies of animal behavior

Rosenthal and food study procedure

Participants were told that the groups of rats with they would have been bred over a series of generations to be either amazed, bright or maze, doll and maze. Bright rats would show learning during the first day of running and performance increase dull, low learning. The students were led to believe that the aim was to give them experience of handling rats. However, the rats were actually just randomly assigned and also the students were told that they have to work with a group of rats each were given five rats but yes, they were all random.

Rosenthal and food study results

Believed maze, Bright made correct responses that maze doll. The students with maze Bright came in to train the rats while the ones with Dalton nothing

Rosenthal and food study the reason the studies connected to target

The reason that this is a experimental bias is because the aim of the study was to prove research or bias, and how the students coming into train the rats we’re gonna influence the results that they had later on even though the rats were not maze, doll or bright. The reason why this is also a double blind control is because the rats and the students did not know the true aim of the study and the groups so they can’t exert bias so they were both blind to the aim ants study of the actual study.