Organic Chemistry for JEE (M/A) - Inductive Effect and Resonance

Practice vocabulary flashcards covering Inductive Effect and Resonance from the G.O.C. Lecture Revision Sheets.

Inductive Effect

Electron displacement along a carbon chain that develops partial charges on atoms and involves the polarisation of bond electrons.

Inductive Effect (Electron Type)

An effect that involves the displacement of $\sigma$-electrons.

Inductive Effect Distance Dependency

An effect that is distance dependent and decreases with an increase in the distance from the source group.

Resonance

The delocalisation of $\pi$-electrons, lone pairs, or negative charges along a conjugated system.

Resonating Structures

The different structures of a molecule that have a fixed arrangement of atomic nuclei, differ only in the arrangement of electrons, and possess the same number of paired electrons.

Resonance Energy

The potential energy difference between the most stable resonating structure and the resonance hybrid.

Resonance Hybrid

The actual structure of the molecule which explains all of its characteristics; it has lower energy than any individual resonating structure.

Conjugated System

A system allowing for resonance, found in molecules like $CH_2=CHCl$ and $CH_2=CHCHO$, but absent in $CH_3CH=CH_2$.

Dipole Moment Order (Inductive Effect)

Decreasing order of dipole moment for ethyl halides and nitro compounds: (i) $CH_3-CH_2-NO_2$ > (ii) $CH_3-CH_2-Cl$ > (iii) $CH_3-CH_2-Br$ > (iv) $CH_3-CH_2-I$.

-I Effect Groups

Groups that withdraw electron density through the $\sigma$ bond, including $-NO_2$, $-CN$, $-Cl$, and $-NH_2$.