Industrial Revolution

Vocabulary flashcards covering the origins, inventions, key figures, and societal effects of the Industrial Revolution.

Industrial Revolution

The greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18th century.

Natural Resources of England

The domestic raw materials that fueled England's industrialization, notably water power and coal to fuel new machines, and iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings.

Agricultural Revolution

An era in the early 1700s when wealthy landowners purchased land and dramatically improved farming methods through crop rotation, livestock breeding, and new tool technology, leading to higher food yields.

Enclosure movement

The process of wealthy landowners enclosing agricultural fields with hedges or fences, which forced poor farmers off their land.

Factors of production

The essential inputs required for industrialization, identified as Land, Labor, and Capital.

Cottage industry

A decentralized production system where goods were made by hand in the home, which collapsed with the rise of the factory system.

Factory system

The organization of manufacturing where machines for producing goods were concentrated in large buildings, causing the demise of home-based cottage industries.

Factories

Large buildings where machinery was set up to produce goods, which originally relied on waterpower and were constructed near streams and rivers.

James Hargreaves

The inventor who created the Spinning Jenny, modernizing the textile industry.

Spinning Jenny

A spinning machine invented by James Hargreaves that allowed one weaver to work with 8 threads at a time.

Eli Whitney

The inventor of the Cotton Gin.

Cotton Gin

A machine invented by Eli Whitney that used hooks on a cylinder to remove seeds from raw cotton faster.

James Watt

The innovator who improved the steam engine so that it worked faster while burning less fuel, providing power for engines, boats, and trains.

Steam Engine

A machine improved by James Watt that operated faster while burning less fuel to run engines, boats, and trains.

Henry Bessemer

An innovator who developed an industrial process for manufacturing steel.

Edward Jenner

The medical pioneer who observed dairymaids infected with cowpox were immune to smallpox and developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796.

Phipps

The 8-year-old boy whom Edward Jenner deliberately infected with cowpox in 1796 and subsequently exposed to smallpox to prove vaccination provided immunity.

Louis Pasteur

The scientist who discovered bacteria and established the connection between germs and disease originating from airborne bacteria.

Urbanization

One of the primary effects of the Industrial Revolution marked by the rapid growth of industrial cities and expanding urban populations.