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Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Colorless, odorless gas from incomplete combustion; sources include vehicle exhaust and indoor stoves; causes asphyxiation and harms fetal development.

Lead

Metal from refineries and battery industries; phased out from gasoline since 1974; neurotoxicant that can cause brain and kidney damage as well as lower IQ.

Particulate Matter (PM10)

Dust, pollen, mold particles ≥10μm that cause respiratory irritation.

Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Combustion particles <2.5μm that can reach the lungs and increase bronchitis and lung cancer risk.

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Reddish-brown gases from combustion of fossil fuels that are respiratory irritants and contribute to smog and acid rain.

Photochemical Smog

Pollution formed by sunlight, NOx, and VOCs creating ozone; worsens under high temperatures and urban activity.

Ozone (Tropospheric)

Secondary pollutant formed from NOx, VOCs, and sunlight; irritates respiratory systems and harms plants.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Colorless gas from burning coal and diesel; causes respiratory issues and contributes to the formation of acid rain.

Acid Rain

Precipitation formed by the reaction of NOx and SO2 with water, resulting in harmful ions.