2.1 MATTER

Which pair of properties defines matter? A) Electrical charge and a fixed shape B) Mass and occupation of space C) A fixed volume and a visible surface

B) Mass and occupation of space

Which description identifies an atom? A) Any group of different elements physically mixed B) A collection of two or more bonded atoms C) The smallest particle retaining the identity of an element

C) The smallest particle retaining the identity of an element

What must all atoms of one element have in common? A) The same number of protons B) The same number of bonded neighbours C) The same physical state

A) The same number of protons

Which description is sufficient to identify a molecule? A) One isolated subatomic particle B) Two different materials placed together without bonding C) Two or more atoms bonded together

C) Two or more atoms bonded together

An O2 molecule contains two oxygen atoms. How should it be classified? A) A molecule of an element B) A mixture of two elements C) A compound of two elements

A) A molecule of an element

What distinguishes a compound from a molecule of a single element? A) Identical atoms with the same proton number B) Different elements chemically bonded in a fixed ratio C) Different materials without chemical bonds between them

B) Different elements chemically bonded in a fixed ratio

Two materials retain their individual properties and can be separated physically. What has been formed? A) A new element B) A chemical compound C) A mixture

C) A mixture

Salt water is an example of which type of material? A) A single atom B) An element C) A mixture

C) A mixture

Where is most of an atom's mass concentrated? A) In its outermost electrons B) In its central nucleus C) In the space between electron shells

B) In its central nucleus

What occupies most of the region outside an atom's nucleus? A) A closely packed layer of neutrons B) A continuous solid mass of protons C) Mostly empty space

C) Mostly empty space

What is a typical approximate atomic radius? A) 1 x 10^-10 m B) 1 x 10^-2 m C) 1 x 10^2 m

A) 1 x 10^-10 m

Compared with the atom's radius the nucleus's radius is approximately what size? A) Ten thousand times as large B) One ten-thousandth as large C) One half as large

B) One ten-thousandth as large

Which particle has a positive charge and is located in the nucleus? A) Proton B) Electron C) Neutron

A) Proton

Which particle is electrically uncharged and has almost the same mass as a proton? A) Electron B) Neutron C) Positive ion

B) Neutron

Which particle is negatively charged and located outside the nucleus? A) Electron B) Proton C) Neutron

A) Electron

What does the term nucleons include? A) Neutrons and electrons B) Protons and electrons C) Protons and neutrons

C) Protons and neutrons

Which approximate mass comparison is correct? A) An electron has about 1/2000 of a proton's mass B) An electron and a proton have equal masses C) An electron has about 2000 times a proton's mass

A) An electron has about 1/2000 of a proton's mass

An atom has six protons and six electrons. What is its overall charge? A) Positive B) Zero C) Negative

B) Zero

What determines the identity of a chemical element? A) Its physical state B) Its atomic number C) Its number of molecules

B) Its atomic number

Which statement about breaking down a chemical element is correct? A) Any chemical reaction changes it into another element B) A physical separation always produces two simpler elements C) Chemical reactions cannot break it into simpler substances

C) Chemical reactions cannot break it into simpler substances

In A/Z/X atomic notation what does A represent? A) Total number of protons and neutrons B) Number of protons only C) Number of electrons only

A) Total number of protons and neutrons

In A/Z/X atomic notation what does Z represent? A) Total number of protons and neutrons B) Number of protons C) Number of neutrons

B) Number of protons

In A/Z/X atomic notation what does X represent? A) The number of electron shells B) The element's symbol C) The atom's electrical charge

B) The element's symbol

An atom has A = 12 and Z = 6. How many neutrons does it contain? A) 12 B) 18 C) 6

C) 6

A helium atom has A = 4 and Z = 2. Which nuclear composition is correct? A) Two protons and two neutrons B) Four protons and two neutrons C) Two protons and four neutrons

A) Two protons and two neutrons

A neutral atom has Z = 8. How many electrons does it have? A) 4 B) 8 C) 16

B) 8

What quantity increases through the sequence of elements in the periodic table? A) Number of neutrons in every case B) Atomic number C) Electrical charge of every atom

B) Atomic number

Which set groups elements by their chemical classification? A) Metals; transition metals; non-metals B) Solids; liquids; gases C) Atoms; ions; molecules

A) Metals; transition metals; non-metals

Which description identifies a metalloid? A) An element with properties between metals and non-metals B) An element containing no protons C) A mixture of a metal and a non-metal

A) An element with properties between metals and non-metals

Elements in the same row of the periodic table have what in common? A) The same atomic mass B) The same number of protons C) The same number of electron shells

C) The same number of electron shells

What is characteristic of elements in the same group or column? A) Identical proton numbers B) Identical numbers of neutrons C) Similar chemical properties

C) Similar chemical properties

Which feature principally determines an element's reactivity? A) The number of electrons in its outermost shell B) The total number of neutrons alone C) The volume of the sample

A) The number of electrons in its outermost shell

Which description matches the alkali metals? A) Elements with no electron shells B) Unreactive non-metals C) Soft and low-density reactive metals

C) Soft and low-density reactive metals

Compared with alkali metals how reactive are transition metals generally? A) Always more reactive B) Identical in reactivity C) Less reactive

C) Less reactive

Which group is described as highly reactive non-metals? A) Noble gases B) Alkali metals C) Halogens

C) Halogens

Which group is described as unreactive non-metals? A) Noble gases B) Transition metals C) Halogens

A) Noble gases

Iron has atomic number 26. What does 26 identify? A) The number of protons B) The number of occupied shells C) The number of neutrons

A) The number of protons

Which chemical symbol identifies iron? A) He B) Fe C) Na

B) Fe

Sodium is an alkali metal. Which description fits its group? A) It belongs to the unreactive noble-gas group B) It belongs to a reactive metal group C) It belongs to the highly reactive non-metal group

B) It belongs to a reactive metal group

Which element is a metalloid? A) Silicon B) Sodium C) Neon

A) Silicon

Chlorine belongs to group 17 of the periodic table. Which family is this? A) Noble gases B) Transition metals C) Halogens

C) Halogens

Which element belongs to the noble-gas group? A) Sodium B) Neon C) Iron

B) Neon

Two atoms are isotopes of the same element. What differs between them? A) Element identity B) Number of protons C) Number of neutrons

C) Number of neutrons

Which pair of numbers has the correct relationship for isotopes of one element? A) Same A but always different Z B) Different Z and different element symbols C) Same Z but different A

C) Same Z but different A

How do the chemical properties of isotopes of one element compare? A) They must have opposite chemical properties B) They must belong to different chemical groups C) They have the same chemical properties

C) They have the same chemical properties

Which nuclear composition identifies Hydrogen-1? A) One proton and one neutron B) One proton and two neutrons C) One proton and no neutrons

C) One proton and no neutrons

Which description identifies deuterium? A) Hydrogen-3 with one proton and two neutrons B) Hydrogen-1 with two protons C) Hydrogen-2 with one proton and one neutron

C) Hydrogen-2 with one proton and one neutron

A hydrogen nucleus contains one proton and two neutrons. Which named isotope is it? A) Hydrogen-1 B) Deuterium C) Tritium

C) Tritium

Which change produces an ion while retaining the element's proton number? A) A change of physical state alone B) Gain or loss of protons C) Gain or loss of electrons

C) Gain or loss of electrons

A neutral atom loses one electron. What does it become? A) A positive ion called a cation B) A negative ion called an anion C) A neutral isotope

A) A positive ion called a cation

A neutral atom gains one electron. What does it become? A) A negative ion called an anion B) A different element C) A positive ion called a cation

A) A negative ion called an anion

A particle contains eight protons and ten electrons. What is its net charge? A) Two negative charge units B) Zero C) Two positive charge units

A) Two negative charge units

Which pairing of element groups and ion types is correct? A) Alkali metals form anions; halogens form cations B) Alkali metals form cations; halogens form anions C) Both groups form ions by gaining protons

B) Alkali metals form cations; halogens form anions

What is another name for electron shells? A) Energy levels B) Nucleons C) Atomic numbers

A) Energy levels

Which order lists the first four shells from nearest to farthest from the nucleus? A) L K N M B) K L M N C) N M L K

B) K L M N

Which shell is farthest from the nucleus in the sequence K through Q? A) K B) Q C) L

B) Q

In the simplified electron-shell model which shell fills first? A) The outermost shell B) The innermost shell C) All shells fill simultaneously

B) The innermost shell

In the simplified electron-shell model how do the energies of electrons within one shell compare? A) Their energy is always zero B) They have the same energy C) They have the same mass as protons

B) They have the same energy

Which expression gives the maximum electron capacity of shell number n? A) 2n^2 B) 2n C) n^2 / 2

A) 2n^2

What is the maximum number of electrons in the K shell? A) 8 B) 2 C) 18

B) 2

What is the maximum number of electrons in the L shell? A) 8 B) 4 C) 16

A) 8

What is the maximum capacity of the M shell? A) 9 B) 18 C) 6

B) 18

What is the maximum capacity of the N shell? A) 32 B) 16 C) 8

A) 32

Which shell is called the valence shell? A) The outermost electron shell B) The nucleus C) The innermost electron shell in every atom

A) The outermost electron shell

Which electrons can move between atoms when given a little excess energy? A) Protons held in the nucleus B) Lightly held outer-shell electrons C) Neutrons held in the nucleus

B) Lightly held outer-shell electrons

Which electron behaviour supports electrical conduction? A) Neutrons carrying charge between nuclei B) All electrons remaining firmly held in place C) Electrons moving through the material between atoms

C) Electrons moving through the material between atoms

In a simple valence-shell model what does a full outer shell generally suggest? A) Good insulating behaviour B) Absence of a nucleus C) Good conducting behaviour in every case

A) Good insulating behaviour

In a simple valence-shell model what does available space in the outer shell generally suggest? A) An increased proton number B) Good conducting behaviour C) An atom with no electrons

B) Good conducting behaviour

When does a semiconductor conduct? A) Under all conditions without any energy dependence B) Only when its protons leave the nucleus C) When certain energy conditions are met

C) When certain energy conditions are met

What happens to properties when elements combine chemically to form a compound? A) Every element necessarily retains all its separate properties unchanged B) The product must have the properties of a physical mixture C) A substance with its own chemical and physical properties forms

C) A substance with its own chemical and physical properties forms

How can a compound be separated into its component elements? A) By physical separation alone B) By chemical processes C) By changing its container

B) By chemical processes

What is the process of combining elements to form a more complex compound called? A) Deposition B) Synthesis C) Analysis

B) Synthesis

What is the reverse of chemical synthesis called? A) Analysis B) Vaporisation C) Condensation

A) Analysis

Which form correctly follows the capitalisation rule for the helium symbol? A) HE B) he C) He

C) He

In a chemical formula what does a small number following an element symbol indicate? A) The element's proton number B) How many atoms of that element are represented C) The number of electron shells

B) How many atoms of that element are represented

How many oxygen atoms are represented by O2? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3

B) 2

Which atom count matches one CO molecule? A) Two carbon and one oxygen B) One carbon and one oxygen C) One carbon and two oxygen

B) One carbon and one oxygen

What distinguishes the formula CO2 from CO? A) CO2 represents one additional oxygen atom per molecule B) CO2 represents one additional carbon atom per molecule C) CO2 contains hydrogen while CO does not

A) CO2 represents one additional oxygen atom per molecule

Which atom ratio is represented by H2O? A) Two hydrogen to one oxygen B) One hydrogen to two oxygen C) Two hydrogen to two oxygen

A) Two hydrogen to one oxygen

Which composition matches sulphur dioxide SO2? A) One sulphur and two oxygen atoms B) Two sulphur and one oxygen atom C) One sulphur and one oxygen atom

A) One sulphur and two oxygen atoms

How many atoms in total are represented by one H2SO4 formula? A) 7 B) 6 C) 4

A) 7

How many different elements are represented in H2SO4? A) 7 B) 3 C) 4

B) 3

How many atoms in total are represented by one CO2 molecule? A) 1 B) 4 C) 3

C) 3

What is the function of an atomic bond? A) To hold atoms together in molecules or other structures B) To make all elements have the same proton number C) To remove all the neutrons from an atom

A) To hold atoms together in molecules or other structures

Which process forms a covalent bond? A) Removing all electrons from every atom B) Sharing electrons between non-metal atoms C) Attracting a metal cation to a non-metal anion

B) Sharing electrons between non-metal atoms

What does electron sharing help complete in covalent bonding? A) The proton number B) The outer or valence shell C) The nucleus

B) The outer or valence shell

Which pair consists of covalently bonded substances? A) Water and methane B) Protons and neutrons C) Alkali metals and transition metals

A) Water and methane

Which general property pattern is associated with simple covalent compounds? A) Relatively soft solids with low melting and boiling points B) High melting points and freely moving metallic electrons C) Hardness combined with electrical conduction in every state

A) Relatively soft solids with low melting and boiling points

How well do simple covalent compounds generally conduct heat and electricity? A) Generally good for both B) Generally poor for both C) Always electrically good but thermally poor

B) Generally poor for both

In methane electrons are shared between carbon and hydrogen. Which type of bond is present? A) Metallic B) Ionic C) Covalent

C) Covalent

Which combination forms an ionic bond? A) A metal reacting with a non-metal B) A collection of neutral gas particles without attraction C) Two non-metals sharing electrons only

A) A metal reacting with a non-metal

What holds the ions together in an ionic bond? A) A shared nucleus containing all their protons B) Electrostatic attraction between opposite charges C) Attraction between two negatively charged ions

B) Electrostatic attraction between opposite charges

Which melting and boiling behaviour is given for ionic materials? A) Low melting and boiling points B) High melting and boiling points C) No possible change of state

B) High melting and boiling points

In which pair of conditions can an ionic material conduct electricity? A) Solid and completely dry only B) Molten or dissolved in water C) Solid or gaseous only

B) Molten or dissolved in water

An electron transfers from sodium to chlorine during bond formation. Which description fits? A) Electron transfer associated with ionic bonding B) Neutron transfer creating two isotopes C) Electron sharing in a methane molecule

A) Electron transfer associated with ionic bonding

Which arrangement describes metallic bonding? A) Neutral molecules without mobile electrons B) Positive metal ions surrounded by delocalised electrons C) Negative metal ions surrounded by free protons

B) Positive metal ions surrounded by delocalised electrons

Which feature explains the electrical conduction described for metals? A) Every electron is fixed permanently to one atom B) Neutrons move freely carrying negative charge C) Electrons can move freely between atoms

C) Electrons can move freely between atoms

Which property combination is generally associated with metallic materials? A) High melting and boiling points with good heat and electrical conduction B) Low melting points with poor heat and electrical conduction C) Electrical conduction only when dissolved in water

A) High melting and boiling points with good heat and electrical conduction

Which set lists the three basic states of matter? A) Element; molecule; mixture B) Proton; neutron; electron C) Solid; liquid; gas

C) Solid; liquid; gas

How are particles arranged in a crystalline solid? A) Far apart with unrestricted motion B) Closely packed in a fixed lattice C) Separated into freely moving gas bubbles

B) Closely packed in a fixed lattice