CARDIO: Hematinics, Hemostatics, Anti-Hemostatics

PART 1!!!

Which class of pharmacological drugs

• Increases Hgb, which in turn increases RBC

• Also known as anti-anemic drugs

Hematinics

Hematinic agents/drugs (4)

1. Iron

2. Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

3. Erythropoietic co-factors (Cobalt, Copper)

4. Anabolic steroids

Anemia resulting from defective erythropoiesis and shortened RBC lifespan (failing to reach 70-120 days), leading to inadequate mature RBC output by the bone marrow

Maturation Failure Anemia

Anemia caused by the absence of Intrinsic Factor, which prevents intestinal absorption of dietary Vitamin B12 and halts normal RBC maturation

Pernicious Anemia

Anemia caused by depleted iron stores, leading to defective hemoglobin synthesis and the production of microcytic (small) and hypochromic (pale) red blood cells.

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Hematinic drug: What erythropoietic co-factors (2)

Essential trace minerals that stimulate bone marrow activity to accelerate erythropoiesis (RBC production)

Cobalt, Copper

Hematinic drug: What erythropoietic co-factor

• Core component of Vitamin B12

• Directly stimulates EPO production by stabilizing HIF

Cobalt

Cobalt (directly/indirectly) stimulates the production of EPO hormone by stabilizing hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), promoting RBC generation

directly

Hematinic drug: What erythropoietic co-factor

Accelerates RBC production by driving iron metabolism, intestinal absorption, and systemic transport (via ceruloplasmin) to ensure iron is available for hemoglobin synthesis

Copper

Piglet is prone to this type of anemia

Baby Pig Anemia

Erythrocyte production

____ is needed to produce ‘heme’ part of a red blood cell

Iron

Erythrocyte production

____ is needed to produce the “globin” part of a red blood cell

Amino acid

____ gives color to the blood

Heme

(Anabolic/Catabolic) steroids may help the liver, kidney, and bone marrow during erythrogenesis

Anabolic

Which class of pharmacological drugs

It stops or control bleeding

Hemostatics

Topical/Local Hemostatic Drugs (8)

1. Thrombin

2. Thromboplastin

3. Fibrin

4. Fibrinogen

5. Oxidized cellulose

6. Gelatin sponge

7. Epinephrine

8. Styptics

Systemic Hemostatic Drugs (3)

Blood, Vitamin K, Protamine sulfate

Vitamin necessary for hepatic synthesis of coagulating factors, II, VII, IX, X

Vitamin K

The protein found in the sperm of some fishes

Protamine sulfate

State what type of hemostatics (Local/Systemic) and what kind hemostatic agent

• Iodine

• Silver nitrate

• Ferric sulfate

• Tannic acid

Local, Styptics

A blood plasma protein that is converted into fibrin during clot formation

Fibrinogen

Gauze-like material that provides a surface for clot formation

Oxidized cellulose

Porous, absorbable material that is placed directly on bleeding tissue to absorb blood and provide a scaffold/clot formation

Gelatin sponge

Vasoconstrictor that narrows blood vessels reducing blood flow and controlling bleeding

Epinephrine

Minerals that precipitate protein and seals off wound

Styptics

Topical / Local or Systemic Hemostatic

Used to stop bleeding if it comes from small and superficial blood vessels (e.g., laceration, abrasion, incision) by applying pressure on blood vessel

Topical or local

Topical / Local or Systemic Hemostatic

Used to stop bleeding if it comes from large and deep blood vessel

Systemic

Medical procedure of replacing blood that is lost

Blood transfusion

Vitamin K1 is also known as

Phylloquinone

Vitamin K2 is also known as

Menaquinone

Vitamin K3 is also known as

Menadione

Sources of Vitamin K1

Green leafy vegetables

Sources of Vitamin K2

Fermented foods and animal products

Sources of Vitamin K3

Synthetic supplements

____ is a specific type of hemostatic agent

Anti-fibrinolytic

Anti-fibrinolytic drugs/agents (3)

Aminocaproic acid, Aprotinin, Tranexamic acid

Most common anti-fibrinolytic

Tranexamic acid

Subtypes of Anti-hemostatics (3)

Anti-coagulants, Fibrinolytics, Anti-thrombotic

A subtype of anti-hemostatic that interferes with clotting cascade

Anticoagulants

Anticoagulant agents (6)

1. Heparin

2. ACD (Acid Citrate Dextrose)

3. Sodium citrate

4. Potassium EDTA

5. Oxalate

6. Double oxalate

What type of anticoagulant

Used in blood extraction when blood needs to be transferred to another live animal

In-vivo anticoagulant

In vivo anticoagulant agents used for blood transfusion in live animals (3)

Heparin, ACD/Acid Citrate Dextrose, Sodium Citrate

What type of anticoagulant

Used in blood extraction when blood needs to undergo laboratory testing

In-vitro anticoagulant

In-vitro anticoagulant agents used for laboratory tests (5)

1. Heparin

2. ACD

3. Sodium Citrate

4. Potassium EDTA

5. Oxalate

A subtype of anti-hemostatic that increases function of fibrinolysin; responsible for dissolving clot/embolus

Fibrinolytics

Fibrinolytic agents (3)

1. Streptokinase

2. Streptodornase

3. Urokinase

New fibrinolytic agents (2) found in modern book

Alteplase, Reteplase

A subtype of anti-hemostatic that prevents platelet activation and thrombus formation

Anti-thrombotic / Anti-platelet drugs

Anti-thrombotic / Anti-platelet agents (4)

1. Aspirin, other NSAIDs

2. Dipyridamole

3. Clopidogrel

4. Triclopidine

Most common anti-thrombotic drug

Clopidogrel