Private Pilot Stage Check

What are the documents needed for flight? FAR 61.3

Student Pilot certificate

Government Photo ID

Medical Certificate

Logbook (endorsement) for student pilot

What are the privileges of your PPL? FAR 61.113

Act as PIC

Share operating expenses (Pro Rata)

Incidental business flights (no pax or property being flown for hire)

flights for nonprofit charity

Search and rescue

Aircraft sales demonstration (if 200 hours logged in that model plane)

BasicMed

What limitations are placed on you? FAR 61.113

No compensation or hire

No paying less than pro rata share

No commercial SIC

Only VFR

What is pro rata share?

Paying your equal part of the expenses (Fuel, oil, airport fees, rentals)

Can you fly VFR on Top?

No VFR on top is through the clouds. You can fly VFR Over the top which is basically flying over clouds with the ground always in site.

Does your PPL expire?

No but to keep it current you have to do a bi-annual flight review or add a rating which restarts the timeline

What do you need to keep PPL privileges?

A current medical

What 2 things set your two year window?

24 months from completing written exam

24 months after check ride a bi-annual flight review is needed

First class medical

Airline operation PIC

Under 40 years old = 12 calendar months then reverts to a 3rd for 48 months

Over 40 years old = 6 calendar months then reverts to 2nd for 6 months then 3rd for 12 months

Second class medical

Commercial pilot operations (i think)

Under 40 12 cal months then reverts to 3rd for 48 months

over 40 12 cal months then reverts to 3rd for 12 months

Third class medical

private pilot'

under 40 = 60 months

over 40 = 24 months

what does your medical allow you to do?

it allows you to act as PIC

what is currency to carry pax?

3 day time touch and goes for daytime VFR

3 nighttime full stop landings for nighttime VFR

What is currency vs. proficiency (give example)

currency is are you legal to fly (Have enough landings)

proficiency is can you fly within standards safely (have you done a recent country or landings)

VFR

Ceiling 3000 feet AGL

Visibility 5 statute miles

MVFR

1000-3000 feet AGL

3-5 statute miles visibility

IFR

500-999 feet AGL

1-3 statute miles

LIFR

0-499 feet AGL

less than 1 statute mile visibility

What docs does the aircraft need to possess to be airworthy

A- airworthiness certificate

R- Registration

R- Radio operators license (outside US)

O- Operating limitations

W- Weight and balance

Does the airworthiness cert expire? If not, how do we maintain an airworthy A/C

no

Use the AAV1ATES acronym

what does AAV1ATES mean?

A- ADs (airworthiness directive) (one time, recurring, emergency) (issued by FAA)

A- Annual (every 12 months)

V- VOR (30 days for IFR flights)

1- 100 hour inspections (if for hire)

A- Altimeter system check (every 24 months for IFR)

T- Transponder check (every 24 month)

E- ELT inspection every 12 months or half life of battery used or 1 cumulative hour of use

S- Static Pressure System check (every 24 months for IFR)

Does registration expire?

Yes, 7 years after issue date at the end of that month

What is an AD and how can they be issued?

an AD is an airworthiness directive which is made due to a problem discovered in the field

They are legally required to be completed

The FAA issues NPRM (notice to proposed rule making) and then a Final Rule @ FAA/DRS.gov (i think)

they can also issue EAD (emergency airworthiness directives) which grounds a type of aircraft

Difference between AD and Service Bulletin?

AD - Issued by FAA, mandatory to complete

Service Bulletin - Issued by manufacturer, usually optional unless specifically stated mandatory

How long can we overfly the 100 hour inspection and do we keep the hours?

You can overfly the 100 hours only to fly to the airport or hangar that will provide the 100 hour inspection and you absorb the extra hours so 10 hours over the next inspection would be in 90 hours

If an annual is overdue how can we fly the plane to get this service done?

Getting a “ferry permit” or special flight permit from a FSDO (Flight standards district office)

What maintenance can we do as pilots? And what part of the FAR/AIM is the list in?

Preventive Maintenance

Oil changes

Tire changes

anything minor

required to enter in logs

Found in part 43.3 FAR and the list is found in appendix a paragraph c

Required equipment for VFR flight (FAR 91.205)

A- Altimeter

T- Tachometer

O- Oil Pressure gauge

M- Manifold Pressure Gauge/constant speed propeller

A- Airspeed Indicator

T- Temperature gauge/ water cooled

O- Oil temperature gauge/ air cooled

F- Fuel indicator

L- Landing gear position indicator

A- Anticollision lights

M- Magnetic Compass

E- ELT (Emergency Location Transmitter)

S- Seat belts

If we have inop equipment how do we determine if we can fly or not (FAR 91.213)

Using the MEL (Minimum Equipment List)

If not listed in the MEL check the KOEL (Kinds of Operations Equipment List)

What’s an MEL and do we have one?

Minimum Equipment List and no

What do we have in lieu of an MEL?

KOEL (Kinds of Operations Equipment List)

What is an arm? and why is the total arm for the aircraft important?

the length from the datum line to whatever is being measured

the total arm is important because it is used to measure the CG which can be catastrophic if not measured right for W&B

What factors affect aircraft performance?

Aircraft weight

Density altitude

Wind conditions

What is pressure altitude and why is it important for the aircraft’s performance?

Pressure altitude is the height above or below the standard datum line and is used to calculate the DA

It is important for the aircrafts performance because the POH is based off of standard pressure so the performance can be less efficient at different PA’s

What is the PA formula?

29.92 - current altimeter setting x 1000 + field elevation

What is the density altitude and why is it important for the aircraft’s performance?

DA is PA corrected for a non standard temp (where the plane “feels” like it is at

It affects the planes performance due to lower air density

What is the DA formula?

PA + 120 X (Outside air temp - ISA temp “15 degrees C minus the standard lapse rate of the PA”)

What are the 4 forces of flight?

Thrust

Drag

Lift

Weight

When are the 4 forces of flight equal?

Unaccelerated flight

How is lift created?

Bernoulli’s principle

the wing is a venturi and the air flows over the top of the wing faster than the bottom created a lower relative pressure compared to under the wing and pressure always wants to move from high to low along with Newton’s 3rd law with every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

What is angle of attack and what happens when you exceed the critical angle of attack?

angle of attack is the angle your wings chord line and the relative wind makes and when you exceed the critical angle of attack your wings stall

What types of drag do we have?

Parasite and Induced drag

What is induced drag?

Drag created by the production of lift

induced drag decreases as airspeed increases

also increases with higher AOA

What does ground effect do to induced drag?

it decreases induced drag due to the surface interference

What is parasite drag?

it is a combination of form, interference, and skin friction drag

It increases as airspeed increases

What is Form Drag?

Drag created by the body of the airplane going through the air and is affected by the size and shape of the airplane surface

What is Interference Drag?

A result of the vortices formed where two surfaces of the aircraft join at a sharp angle (where the wing meets the fuselage)

What is Skin Friction drag?

Drag created because of friction between the surface of the airplane and the air

When is the total drag on the aircraft the lowest?

Vg - Best glide speed

What are the three primary flight controls?

Aileron, elevator, rudder

How are the 3 primary flight controls actuated?

by a series of cables and pullies

What are the secondary flight controls do we have and how are they actuated?

Trim and Flaps

Trim is actuated by cables and pullies

Flaps are actuated electrically

Tell me about your engine

L- Lycoming O-360 cubic inch-180 HP

H- Horizontally opposed

A- Air cooled

N- Naturally aspirated

D- Direct drive (crank shaft directly connected to propeller)

What is our HP, how many cylinders do we have, how many spark plugs per cylinder?

180 HP

4 cylinders

2 spark plugs per cylinder (8 in total)

What do our spark plugs get spark from?

Magnetos send charge to spark plugs

How many magnetos do we have and how are they driven?

two magnetos engine driven (basically as long as the propeller is spinning the magnetos should be generating charge)

How many cylinders do we lose if we lose a magneto?

we lose half of our spark plugs but no cylinders

What does a carburetor do?

carburetors meter the fuel/air mixture to create a combustible vapor sent to the engine cylinders

What is the danger of our float type carburetor?

Carb icing which is caused by a lowering of pressure due to the airflow through the venturi which decreases the temp in the carburetor along with fuel evaporation which also drops temp paired with humidity

How to get rid of carb icing?

Carb heat - which takes hot air from the shroud around the exhaust and sends it through carburetor

Secondary use of carb heat?

Secondary intake of air to engine

Tell me about the fuel system (type of fuel, how are system is fed, what color is the fuel)

type of fuel is 100LL (low lead)

Our system is gravity fed because of the high wing design the wings hold the fuel which gravity pulls down to a fuel selector, which then goes through a fuel strainer which the primer is connected to and then flows to the carburetor

The fuel color is blue

Tell me about the electrical system

a 28 volt direct current with as 60 amp alternator and a 24 volt battery

the alternator powers the main and avionics systems/buses

the battery can power the main and avionics systems/buses for 30 minutes if alternator fails

If we lose the alternator do we lose the engine?

No the magnetos provide charge to the spark plugs while the engine is spinning and is separate from the electrical system

Tell me about the landing gear

Spring steel main gear (strong, flexible steel)

steerable nose gear - air and oil filled

disk brakes on the main gears

brake lines through the struts

brake fluid sent independently per brake rudder pressed

caliber with pistons that push brake pads in

Tell me about the propeller

sensenich

aluminum fixed pitch

total diameter 76 inch?

How many quarts of oil do we have in the engine

6-8 quarts

What are my pitot static instruments?

Airspeed indicator - Pitot (RAM) and static

altimeter - static

VSI - static with calibrated leak (uses wafers to detect VS by pressure on the wafers)

What are my gyroscopic instruments and what two principles do they use to operate?

Attitude indicator - rigidity in space (A spinning gyro tends to remain in a fixed orientation. As the aircraft pitches, rolls, or yaws around the gyro, the gyro stays relatively still, allowing the instrument to measure the movement)

Turn coordinator - precession (When a deflecting or tilting force is applied to a spinning gyroscope, the resulting displacement or reaction does not occur where the force was applied; instead, it is felt 90 degrees ahead in the direction of rotation)

Heading indicator - rigidity in space

how does the heater work and what do we need to be cautious of when using the heater?

it takes heat from the exhaust shroud and sends it into the cabin

a danger is carbon monoxide and we have a censor in the cabin to notify us that carbon monoxide is detected

What does the bi-annual check ride consist of?

1 hour of ground

1 hour of flight

How to qualify for BasicMed?

U.S. Drivers license

Must have held some class medical post July 14, 2006 (must not have been revoked or suspended)

Must take online course (FAR 68.3)

Receive medical exam (doesn’t have to be AME) they must follow checklist prescribed in FAR 68.5)

How to keep BasicMed

Current drivers license

online course every 24 months

exam FAR 68.5 every 48 months

Limitations to BasicMed (FAR 61.113)

7712CASH

Max 7 seats

Max 7 occupants

12,500 max gross T/O weight

Cannot fly in Alpha

Cannot exceed 250 knots

Cannot fly outside USA unless authorized

Cannot fly for hire

What are cloud bases reported in

AGL

What current and forecasted weather are you concerned with as a pilot?

Winds

Visibility

Sky condition

Temp and dew point

altimeter setting

Five hazardous attitudes

Antiauthority

impulsivity

invulnerability

macho

Resignation

What happens with an increased load factor?

The stall speed increases

Critical AOA remains the same

How do weight and Va go together

Heavier the plane, higher the maneuvering speed and vice versa

Vx

Best angle of climb (59 knots)

Vy

Best rate of climb (73 knots)

Vso

Stall landing config (41 knots)

Vs

Stall speed clean config (47 knots)

Vno

Maximum structural cruising speed (128 knots)

Vne

Never exceed speed (160 knots)

Best glide ratio

1.5 miles every 1000 feet

4 major causes of left turning tendencies

Torque - Newton’s 3rd law

P-factor - High AOA, descending blade takes a bigger cut out of air than ascending blade

Slipstream affect - Spiraling slipstream corkscrews around airplane hitting rudder and pushing nose left

Gyroscopic precession - When force is applied to the propeller disc (for example, when raising the tail of a tailwheel airplane during takeoff), the resulting force is manifested 90° ahead in the direction of rotation, pushing the nose to the left.

What do flaps do?

change the shape of the wing

increase lift

increase drag

decrease stall speed

The four engine strokes

Intake

Compression

Power

Exhaust

Intake stroke

The piston moves down and sucks the fuel/air mixture into the cylinder

Compression stroke

The valves close and the piston moves up compressing the fuel/air mixture

Power (combustion) stroke

The spark plugs ignite the mixture at the top pushing thew piston down building pressure

Exhaust stroke

The valves open and the piston pushes the exhaust out through the exhaust manifold

how do magnetos work?

there is a coil of wire wrapped around a metal bar

a magnet spins next to the coil of wire which induces an electrical current that is sent to the spark plugs

What is detonation?

the fuel/air mixture explodes within the cylinders combustion chamber instead of burning smoothly

What is preignition?

occurs when the fuel/air mixture ignites too soon, triggered by hot spots inside the cylinders, pistons or valves

DECIDE Model

Detect the change

Estimate the need to react to the change

Choose a desirable outcome

Identify actions to control the change

Do take the necessary actions

Evaluate the effect of the actions

CARE

Consequences

Alternatives

Reality

External pressures

Single pilot resource management 5 P’s model

Plan

Plane

Pilot

Passengers

Programming

Flashing white from tower

On Ground - return to starting point