Endocrine system

What is an endocrine gland

A ductless gland that secretes hromones into the bloodstream

what is a hormone

a chemical messenger transported in blood

what are the endocrine glands

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, thymus, gonads, pineal and adrenal gland

What are exocrine glands

they release substances through ducts onto surfaces or body cavities

How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary gland

Controls through releasing and inhibiting factors that travel through portal blood vessels

how does the hypothalamus control the posterior pituitary gland

Through nerve impulses that carry hormones that are made in hypothalamus

What is the function of the posterior pituitary gland

stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus

What is the function of the growth hormone

promotes growth of all cells

what is the function of thyroid stimulating hormone

stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine

what is the function of ACTH

stimulates adrenal crtex

What is the function of FSH

Stimulates egg development and supports sperm production

What is the function of LH

triggers ovulation and stimulates testosterone production in males

what is the function of the prolactin

stimulates milk production

what is the function of ADH

increases water reabsorption in the kidney collecting ducts

what is the function of oxytocin

stimulates uteruse contractions and milk ejections

what is the function of thyroxine

increases metabolic rate and supports growth and developemt

what is the function of parathyroid hormone

increases blood calcium concentration

what is the function of calcitonin

lowers blood calcium level

what is the function of insulin

lowers blood glucose

what is the function of glucagon

increases blood glucose levels

what is the function of adrenaline

prepares the body for fight or flight responses

what is the function of cortisol

supports long term stress responses

what is teh function of aldosterone

increases sodium reabsorption and potassium in urine

what is the function of thymosin

supports development and maturation of immune cells

what is the function of testosterone

surpports male secondary sexual characteristics

what is the function of oestrogen

supports female reproductive development

what is the function of progesterone

maintains uterus lining and supports pregnancy 3

What hormones are relased by thyroid

thyroxine and calcitonin

What hormones are released by anterior pituitary gland

ACTH, Thyroid stimulating hormone, Growth hormone, Prolactin, LH and FSH

What hormones are released by posterior pituitary gland

Anti-diuretic hormone and Oxytocin

Where is insulin secreted from

Beta cells in Islets of Langerhan

Where is glucagon secreted from

Alpha cells in Islets of Langerhan

What hormones does Adrenal cortex release

Cortisol and aldosterone

What hormones are relased by Adrenal medulla

Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

What is the function of the hypothalamus

• regulates pituitary glnad

• produced hormones

• regulates basic body functions

what are the 2 pathways that the hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland

Nervous system and endorcine system

Describe the secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe

through hormonal stimulus

How does the hypothalamus stimulatethe anterior lobe

secretes releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones through portal blood vessels

How does the hypothalamus stimulate the posterior lobe

hypothalamus stimulates posterior lobe through electrical stimulus

What is an example of a lipid soluble hormones

Cortisol, oestrogen, aldosterone, testosterone

What is another name for lipid soluble hormones

steriod hormone

what is an example of a Water soluble hormone

Insulin, glucagon, ADH and oxytocin

what is another name for water soluble hormone

Protein hormone

What is a steriod hormones pathway

• when released bind to transport proteins/ carrier proteins

• when they reach target cell, hormone unbinds to transport protein

• diffuse through membrane and bind to intracellular receptors

• hormone-receptor complex enters nucleus

• binds to DNA and activates gene transcription

What is a Protein hormone pathway

• when released, dissolve in blood and travel freely travel in bloodstream

• bind to receptor proteins on cell surface of target cell

• hormone- receptor complex activates secondary messenger to diffuse

• triggers an enzyme cascade

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes

Is an autoimmune disorder that causes destruction of beta cells in islets of langerhans in pancreas

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes

due to cells not responding to insulin, causing cells to not be able to take up glucose

Symptoms of diabetes

• Feeling thirstier

• Urinating frequently

• feeling weak/tired

• blurred vision

What are some treatments for type 1 diabetes

• mediaction

• Islet cell transplantation

• Pacreas transplant

What are some treatments for type 2 diabetes

• Lifestyle modification

• Weight management

• Regular blood glucose

What is hypothyroidism and main cause

• when thyroid gland doesnt make enough thryroxine

• autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland ( common cause Hashimoto’s disease)

What are symptoms of hypothyroidism

• Fatigue

• increased sensitivity to cold

• slowed heart rate

• unexplained weight gain

What is the treatment for hypothyroidism

• Thyroxine supplements

• regular monitoring of TSH

• Change to diet

• Iodine supplements

WHat is Hyperthyroidism and common causes

When thyroid gland releases too much thyroxine

• Graves Disease - immune system attacks thyroid gland prompting hormone release

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

• weight loss without trying

• increased hunger

• increased sensitivity to heat

• Sweating

Treatment for hyperthyroidism

• Beta blockers

• Radiotherapy

• Surgical removal