APES Unit 5

Mods 24 - 34

Beach & Boat Seine

A method of fishing that involves using a large net to encircle fish in shallow waters, typically near beaches or along the shoreline. Seines are drawn to catch schooling fish and are often used in recreational and commercial fishing.

Purse Seine

A type of fishing net designed to encircle schools of fish and can be closed at the bottom to catch them effectively, often used in commercial fishing.

Bottom Trawls

A fishing method that involves dragging a net along the seafloor to catch groundfish and other species. This technique is widely used in commercial fisheries to target fish that inhabit the ocean bottom.

Midwater Trawls

A fishing method that involves dragging a net through the water column, typically used to catch species that inhabit the middle of the water column, such as shrimp and certain fish species.

Dredges

A fishing tool that operates by scraping the seabed to collect shellfish and other benthic organisms. Dredges are often used in commercial fisheries to harvest species like clams and oysters.

Gillnets

A fishing gear that uses a net with vertical panels to entangle fish by their gills. Gillnets are commonly employed in various fisheries targeting species that swim in specific water depths.

Handlines & Jigs

Handlines and jigs are fishing methods that involve using a single fishing line with a hook and bait, or a lure, to catch fish. Handlines are used by anglers for a more targeted approach, while jigs are often used to attract species in deeper waters.

Pole & Line

A traditional fishing method that uses a single fishing pole with a line and hook to catch fish, typically employed for species like tuna. This method promotes sustainable fishing practices by minimizing bycatch.

Longlines

a commercial fishing gear consisting of a long horizontal mainline that can stretch from one mile to over 60 miles (100 km) in length

Pots

passive, stationary fishing gear designed as three-dimensional cages or baskets

Trolling Lines

trolling lines are a type of hook-and-line gear where one or more baited lines are drawn through the water behind a moving boat. This technique is designed to mimic the movement of prey and trigger the hunting instincts of predatory fish

What was the primary goal of the Green Revolution?

To increase food production through new agricultural strategies and practices.

What are the key methods used in the Green Revolution?

Mechanization, GMOs, fertilization, irrigation, and pesticides.

What is a major economic benefit of farm mechanization?

Increased profits and efficiency for farms.

What is a negative environmental impact of mechanization?

Increased reliance on fossil fuels.

How does the land required for meat production compare to agriculture?

Meat production is less efficient, requiring about 20 times more land for the same calories.

What percentage of global freshwater use is for irrigation?

Approximately 70%.

What is waterlogging?

When too much water sits in the soil, raising the water table and inhibiting plants' ability to absorb oxygen.

Describe furrow irrigation

Cutting furrows between rows and filling them with water; inexpensive but ~1/3 is lost to evaporation/runoff.

What is the most efficient irrigation method?

Drip irrigation (only ~5% water loss).

Define salinization.

The buildup of salts in soil after water evaporates, which can become toxic to plants.

What is a major risk to aquifers like the Ogallala?

Severe depletion due to overuse for agricultural irrigation.

What are three agricultural practices that cause environmental damage?

Tilling, slash-and-burn farming, and heavy use of fertilizers.

What is a benefit of genetically engineered (GMO) crops?

Increased resistance to pests and diseases, leading to higher yields.

What is a major drawback of using GMOs in planting?

Loss of genetic diversity within that particular crop.

What are some methods of soil conservation?

Contour plowing, windbreaks, perennial crops, terracing, no-till agriculture, and strip cropping.

How can soil fertility be improved?

Crop rotation and the addition of green manure and limestone.

What is a common consequence of repeated pesticide use?

Organisms can become resistant through artificial selection (the pesticide treadmill).

Define Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

A combination of biological, physical, and limited chemical methods to control pests with minimal environmental disruption.

List three IPM techniques

Biocontrol, intercropping, and crop rotation.

What is the main goal of IPM regarding pesticides?

To reduce the risk pesticides pose to wildlife, water supplies, and human health.

What is a disadvantage of IPM?

It can be complex and expensive to implement.

What is the primary impact of overfishing?

Extreme scarcity of fish species and lessened biodiversity in aquatic systems.

Why has aquaculture expanded so rapidly?

It is highly efficient, requires small areas of water, and uses little fuel.

What is a negative environmental impact of aquaculture?

Contamination of wastewater and increased disease incidence due to high fish density.

What happens when farmed fish escape?

 They may outcompete or breed with wild fish, altering the gene pool.

 What does CAFO stand for?

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (also called feedlots).

What is a benefit of CAFOs?

They are less expensive and get livestock ready for slaughter quickly.

What is a major environmental disadvantage of CAFOs?

Generation of large amounts of organic waste that can contaminate ground and surface water.

Describe free-range grazing

Animals graze on grass for their entire lifecycle; meat is usually free of antibiotics but requires more land and is more expensive.

What is desertification?

The degradation of low precipitation regions toward becoming deserts, often caused by overgrazing.

 How does reducing meat consumption help the atmosphere?

It reduces CO2, methane, and N2O emissions.