SL1 organization of human body

what do the prefixes myo, osteo, pathy, iso mean

myo: relating to muscle like myofibre

osteo: relating to bone

pathy: suffering of like neuropathy

iso: means equal like isometric

anatomy vs physiology

anatomy: study of physical structure and shape of the body

physiology: study of how luving organisms fucntion and the mechanisms involved

important: structure (anatomy) dictates function (physiology)

what is homeostasis

it is what is necessary to maintain physiological variables within normal ranges

what are the 5 stages of the homeostasis feedback loops

1. stimulus

2. receptor

3. input

4. output

5. response to effector

feedback vs feedback forward systems

feedback: respond to a change after it has occured

feedforward: anticipate a chane and elicit a response before it happens

examples of positive/negative feedback loops and and feedforward loops

positive: accelerates a process by moving a variable further from a set point. oxytocin during childbirth. clotting an injury

negative: minimises changes from the set point, leading to stability. ex blood sugar regulation

feedforward: change in variable is anticipated, response is evoked to minimize variable fluctuations. ex central command at onset of exercise. our body and mouth getting ready to eat food when we smell it (saliva production, stomach churning, stomach acid creation)

hierarchy of body organization

1- chemical: atoms combine to form molecules

2- cellular: molecules combine ot make cells

3- tissue: cell types combine to make tissues

4- organ: diiferent types of tissue combine to make organs

5- organ system: organs combine to make organ systens

6- organismal: combination of multiple organ system

what are cells

basic structural and functional unit of sll living organisms

the activity of an organism depends on the collective activity of its cells

what are the 3 components of most cells

cytoplasm, plasma/cell membrane, nucleus,

cell membrane

what is the plasma membrane made of

the phospholipid bilayer

what are the 4 methods of membrane transport? explain

simple diffusion: diffusion of lipid soluble soliputes through bilayer

osmosis: diffusion of water through channel protein called aquaporin

facilitated diffusion (2 types): facilitated - through channel

protein selected based on the charge and size of ion

facikitated- through protein carrier

which of the membrane trasport types are active and passive

passive types: simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration

active types: primary active transport, secondary, vessicukar transport

what does passive transport mean

it moves molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

2 types of vessicukar transport

endocytosis, exocytosis

what is endocytosis

where a cell membrane forms a vessicle (sac like structure) to engulf substances from the extracellular environment.

active because at

is required

what is exocytosis

vessicles intracellularly fuse to the cell membrane and relase their contents extracellularly. contents screted include, hormones, neurotransmitters, waste.

cytoplasm

whats in the cytoplasm

cytosol: fluid that suspends other elements like organelles

inclusions: commonly stored nutrient products that float in the cytosol, (ie: lipid droplets, glycogen granules)

organelles: metabolic machinery ir the cell, each irganelle has a specific function

what are the 3 main krganelles for this course and their functions (2)

mitochondria: powerhouse, double membrane, supplies majority of cell atp, highly metabolic cells have more mitochindria. looks like a bean with veins in it

rybosomes: the site of protein synthesis

cytoskeleton: not considered an organelle, determines cell shape, provides machinery for intracellular transport, comprised of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

what is the difference between a gene and a protein? how do they differ from cells?

gene: dna strand set of intstructions that codes the protein

protein: functional molecule that acts out those instructions

cell: the housing unit where this all takes place

what are the functions of microfilaments

involved in cell motility

produce changes in cell shape

nucleus

functions of nucleus

necessary for cell replication, contains dna, dna containes genes that code protein,

protein makeup of a cell determines its function

name 7 main cell types

epitheleal cells, smooth muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells, fat cells, macrophages (fight disease), nerve cells, sperm cells

what are the 4 tissue types found in the bhuman body

1. epitheleal

2. connective

3. muscle

4. nervous

what is epitheleal tissue

cell type - epitheleal cells

Functions:

• protection: skin epithelium protects against bacteria and chenical damage respiratory tract epithelium has cilia that protect against dust and debris

• filters: renal epithelium filters molecule of different sizes

• selectiveky secretes/absorbs: glandukar epithelium secretes sweat, digestive enzymes, hormones, etc. Digestive epithelium absorb nutrients from food

• Enables sensation: epitheleum supports sensory neurons located in the skin, nose, mouth, eyes, ears

how to classify/name epitheleum

cell arangement + shape

cell arrangement: simoke, stratified, pseudostratified (fake stratified)

shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

apical vs basal surfaces

apical: exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internak organ. may be smooth or have cell surface modifications (such as microbioi ir cilia)

basal surface: the anchored surface of epithelium, rests on a basement membrane,

• function of cell based on shape

squamous -

1. simple: diffusion and filtration

2. stratified: protection

cuboidal and columnar -

1. simple: secretion and absorption

2. Stratified protection

functions of connective tissue

1. protects

2. binds/supports

3. insulates

4. transports

what cells types are part of connective tissue

1. osteocyte

2. chondrocyte

3. fibroblast/FAP

4. adipocytes

5. erythrocyte

what is the extracellukar matrix

the stuff between the primary cell type of a tissue, made of collagen (protein)

functions of muscle tissue

excitable, contracts, produces force

types of muscle tissue and functions/properties

1. skeletal: moves body, voluntary (somatic), multinuvleated, striated, on all voluntary movement muscles

2. smooth: moves fluids in GI tract , controls width of arteries, involuntary(autonomic), no striations, uninucleated, located in some organs GI tract walls and blood vessels

3. cardiac: pumps heart, involuntary, uni or binucleated, striated, intercalated disks, located in heat

what is a nerve cell called

neuron

functions and properties of neuron

excitable, receives and transmits electrochemical impulses

name the parts

1. soma

2. dendrites

3. gxon

4. myelin

what is a neuroglia

non neuronal cell - cannot transmit electrical impulses,

inaukates, supports and protects neurons

3 types og neuroglia

astrocytes, microglial, oligodendrocytes