AVS 101 Exam 1 Material

What do animals produce?

Meat,milk,fiber

Is the agriculture industry on the rise or decreasing

On the rise

How can we maximize animal production efficiency

Animal Health, Animal Welfare, Animal Growth

Who was someone who was heavily involved in welfare of cattle on the way to slaughter

Temple Grandin

Animal Ethics

a branch of philosophy which deal directly with how humans SHOULD treat animals

What is a common animal based ethics question

Do elephants belong in a zoo?

Sentience

an animals ability to be aware of feelings and sensations i.e. pain

Utilitarianism

mindset most people who are caring for animals have. An action is only right if it produces overall good. More good than harm.

Who came up with the five freedoms

Francis Brambell

What are the five freedoms

Freedom from Hunger or Thirst, Freedom from Discomfort, Freedom from Pain,Injury, or Disease, Freedom to Express Normal Behavior, Freedom from Fear and Distress

What are the five domains

Nutrition, Environment, Health, Behavioral Interactions, Mental State.

Which came first the five freedoms or the five domains

The five freedoms

Why were the five freedoms redesigned?

As welfare became more of a science then a philosophy they needed more measurable outcomes

What are the Three Circles Framework

Natural Living, Affective State, Basic Health & Functioning

What famous quote is from a book about animal welfare and who wrote it

“Health and what an animal wants” - Marian Stamp Dawkins

How do we measure affective state?

Behavioral Cues and Cognitive Bias Tasks

What are Cognitive Bias Tasks

Pig, bell, and apple experiment with positive and negative outcomes.

How do we measure Natural Living Framework?

We compare their behaviors in the wild to their behaviors in captivity

How do we measure Basic, Health & Functioning

Anorexia, Lethargic, Lameness

Lameness

Disruption in an animals walking patterns

Are the Three Frameworks completely reliable?

No, they are informative but they don’t paint us the whole picture

What is the Animal Welfare Act

Sets regulations and guidelines for the humane housing, transport, and care of CERTAIN animals in CERTAIN facilities … NOT ALL

Who oversees the Animal Welfare Act

The USDA via Random Inspections

What production entities are covered by the AWA

Animal dealers, research facilities, transporters

What is not covered by the AWA

Retail Pet Stores!

Species not covered by the Animal Welfare Act

birds used in research, mice, rats, insects, reptiles, fish, ALL AGRICULTURE ANIMALS: Cows, sheep, pigs, goats

What does the AWA cover for animal species

Dogs, cats, non-human primates, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, warm blooded zoo animals, captive marine animals, birds not used in research

Why is the Animal Welfare Act problematic?

The act does cover mice and rats which are the primary animals used in research. Space and housing requirements are minimal i.e. every dog only needs 6 inches of space around itself no matter the size

What does the IACUC do?

Ensures all animals are being treated humanely, and any injury causes by the research is limited and justified

What is IACUC associated with?

RESEARCH!!

The IACUC must have at least these three people to grant an approval

1) A chairperson

2) Veterinarian with training in lab animal research

3) One member with NO CONNECTION to the institution

What is a male parent called

Spire

What is an animal Female called?

Dam

Animals you would find in a herd

Cattle, goats, and other livestock

Animals you would find in a flock

Sheep, birds

What are the nutrient classifications

Fat, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Vitamins, Minerals

What is Forage

High nutritional value, high protein LOW FIBER. Lot of moisture

Which is Roughage?

low digestibility (that’s why ruminants have their rumen) HIGH FIBER

What are concentrates?

Concentrated energy and proteins. Examples: brewery byproducts, cereal grain, skittles, bakery waste

What are the two types of Additives?

Vitamin/Mineral Additives (Nutritional value) AND Non-nutritional additives for flavor

How do we measure animal growth?

total weight gained during a designated period/length of time

What are the building blocks for growth

Proteins, Energy, Hormones, Genetics

Do ruminants have high or low saliva amylase?

Low! Because they have their rumen for digestion, they don’t need their saliva to breakdown food as much as humans do

What element compound is in saliva

bicarbonate that buffers the gut (and salivary amylase)

Who eats more cellulose and why?

Ruminants eat more cellulose than humans because they can break it down in their rumen with microbes. We can’t

What does the Omasum do

Water absorption!!

Why do ruminants need fermentation to help them digest

Because they are eating very fibrous foods that they can’t break down without the microbes

How do ruminants get energy from in the rumen

Microbes convert feed into volatile fatty acids (VFAs) for gluconeogenesis

Glueconeogenesis

creating new glucose molecules

Pre-weaning

When the offspring is still drinking milk

Post-weaning

After the offspring has stopped drinking milk

Why can’t horses vomit?

Cardiac sphincter

What fibrous molecule is found in ruminants feed into HIGH levels

Cellulose

What is cud

Partly digested food

Do chickens have teeth?

No, they have a gizzard

What is the true stomach of the chicken

Proventrialus

What animals don’t have upper teeth?

All ruminants and pseudoruminants

What animals are Monogastrics

Humans, pigs, chickens, horses, rabbits, mice/rats and other rodents

What animals are ruminants?

Cows, sheep, goats, deer/elk

What animals are hindgut fermenters

Horses, rabbits, rodents (mice/rats)