community exam 2

health literacy

• involves both the need for people to understand information that helps them maintain good health and the need for health systems to reduce their complexity

health promotion

• a process that informs and motivates people to adopt healthy behavior to enhance their health and prevent disease

• geared more toward motivating people to adopt healthy lifestyle

• encouraging a concept

health education

• to have to learner gain accurate knowledge about healthy behaviors and lifestyles

• imparting knowledge to population

behavior change

• is simply changing a behavior, such as decreasing the amount of sugar in ones diet or learning how to brush properly

values

• the ideas and beliefs a person possesses that influence behavior and give meaning to our lives

• may develop early in life from parents, grandparents, older siblings, teachers, or other influential people from whom that person seeks love and acceptance

theory of health belief model

• When individuals have accurate information, they will make better choices, including those pertaining to health

• suggests that in order to display readiness to take action to avoid a disease or act in a preventive manner, an individual needs to believe that he or she is susceptible or vulnerable, the disease has serious consequences, the behavior is beneficial, and the behavior is important

• Useful in group setting

• am I susceptible = is it worth change?

• susceptibility, serious consequences, benefit (change), salience (change in action)

transtheoretical model

• is similar to the stages of learning and includes five stages of change through which a person travels before achieving a desired state

• behavior changes moves through a predictable set of stages

• each stage of readiness is characterized by certain behaviors and attitudes

  • precontemplation- no intention

  • conteplemplation- thinking about it

  • preparation- getting ready to make change

  • action - change occurs

  • maintenance - keep working on it

  • termination- extinction of behavior

  
  

theories of motivation

• the will of an individual to act, important factor in learning

• drive that propels and individual to satisfy a need

• generally identify the considerations that must be present for values to change

• when initiating change, must be aware of own values and must recognize the values of the patients

both statements are false

Empowerment models that focus on patient autonomy and collaborative relationships are paternalist regimens. These regimens are led by patients whose knowledge of health and disease increases the likelihood that healthy behaviors are attained.

a. The first statement is true; the second statement is

false.

b. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

c. Both statements are true.

d. Both statements are false.

spirituality

Which of the following aspects is part of the multidimensional model of health?

a. Spirituality

b. Knowledge

c. Behavior

d. Values

health promotion

The local dental hygiene association worked on policy change that banned sugary beverages from school vending machines. This is an example of

a. healthy behavior.

b. health action.

c. health education.

d. health promotion

value the change

For behavior change to occur, an individual must reach what milestone?

a. Value the change

b. Understand the healthy behavior

c. Understand unhealthy behavior

d. Understand why a behavior was chosen

classical conditioning

A patient who receives praise for having healthy gums during two routine dental hygiene appointments will be more likely to maintain good home car to ensure that the praise will continue at subsequent appointments. This theory is called

a. classical conditioning.

b. operant conditioning.

c. modeling.

d. empowerment.

dental hygienists role in education

• should be able to successfully transform knowledge into positive behaviors

• ultimate goal of education should be to instill the value of dental health and thus change individuals behaviors

• education should develop positive values toward dental health and cause behavior changes

dental hygiene process of care (ADPIED)

• assessment, dental hygiene diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation, and documentation of dental hygiene care of a target population

• planning effective presentation of dental hygiene principles to a target group involves the understanding of this process

• utilizing this process enables the dental hygienists to follow logical steps in developing an effective lesson

assessment

• Assess target population’s needs, interests, abilities, and resources

• Assess dental status

• obtain a baseline to evaluate

• done to determine the level of understanding by the learner

dental hygiene diagnosis

• Formulate findings from assessment

• Prioritize goals

• needs and interests

planning

• Select broad goal formulation, identify specific objectives, and select teaching method(s)

• goals: a broad statement of the anticipated final outcome

• objectives: a specific, observable action or behavior that a learner will perform or exhibit

• also determines teaching methods, activities, resources, and evaluation methods

implementation

• Prepare for various scenarios

• Demonstrate effective teacher characteristics

evaluation

• Use qualitative measurement

• Use quantitative measurement

• Provide follow up information to appropriate parties

• is a tool used to determine how well a program or educator teaching the course is conveying messages.

psychomotor

• to describe actions (DO)

• the behaviors in this domain are the easiest to identify with precise verbs

• concrete and observable behavior

  • brush, clean, demonstrate, detect, disinfect, eat, exercise, experiment, floss, identify, irrigate, measure, probe, screen, sterilize

cognitive

• to describe behavior (KNOW)

• represents intellectual skills and verbs are used to describe behavior

  • classify, collect, compare, contrast, describe, design, diagnose, explain, indicate, label, list, recognize, record, show, solve

affective

• to describe feelings (FEEL)

• includes feelings, attitudes, values, and interest

  • advocate, assess, believe, challenge, debate, deduct, defend, discuss, evaluate, judge, lead, live out, persuade, suggest, value

teaching method

• is the approach or method used in instruction

perceived susceptibility

• how much a person believes that they personally are at risk for a disease or condition

• health belief model

role of values in behavior change

• for a behavior change to occur, the person must eventually value the change

• reaching the point of valuing the change is important for behavior change

• knowledge alone does not always mean that the patient will change the behavior

modeling

• is learning or changing behavior by observing another person demonstrate the behavior

• can be useful for psychomotor behaviors

• patient learns partly through observing the model

goal

• the first step in writing a lesson plan

• a broad statement (1 or 2) of the final outcome that the instructor expects from the target group upon completing the presentation

• not highly specific

  • ex: improve oral health knowledge

objective

• includes specific, observable action or behavior that a learner will perform or exhibit

• many time include a target group, a condition, and measurement

  • ex: following the presentations, students will identify three foods associated with increased caries risk

appropriate wording for measurable objectives

• use observable and measurable verbs

• identify, list, demonstrate, describe, compare, select, perform, explain, calculate, distinguish, classify

• avoid vague verbs that may be misinterpreted

verbs whose meaning as objectives can be unclear

• appreciate, comprehend, empathize, familiarize, grasp, have faith, interpret, know, like, realize, think, and understand

assessment of learner or population needs

• before planning phase

• entails identifying needs, interest, and resources but NOT an evaluation

• done to determine level of understanding by the learner, includes defining the target population’s level of dental health knowledge, and to learn what resources are already available before planning

• important to never assume things about a target population

be prepared

The best way to ensure an effective presentation is to

a. decrease the number of participants.

b. utilize audiovisual aids.

c. have at least ten objectives for each presentation.

d. be prepared.

objective

“Following the presentation, the audience will be able to compare ten healthy and unhealthy snack choices” is an example of a(n)

a. goal.

b. lesson plan.

c. objective.

d. healthy behavior.

both statements are false

Lecturing is always an effective way to teach dental health education. Lecture always includes the problem based method of learning.

a. The first statement is true; the second statement is

false.

b. The first statement is false; the second statement is

true.

c. Both statements are true.

d. Both statements are false.

demonstrating

Which verb pertains to the psychomotor domain?

a. Demonstrating

b. Comparing

c. Advocating

d. Defending

b. is open to misinterpretation.

When used as an objective, the verb understand

a. is easily measured.

b. is open to misinterpretation.

c. always requires skill.

d. is frequently used.

target population

• refers to a clearly identified segment of the population

• can be broad or narrow

• is a specific group of people toward whom a dental public health program or education intervention is directed

• working with __ __ may encompass clinical care or may focus on education and promotion

  • ex: schoolchildren, older adults, migrant farmworkers, veterans, athletes, individuals with special needs, etc..

target population/ community profile

• a comprehensive overview of the target population that includes specific descriptions

• provides information needed to understand the population before developing a program

• populations location, available resources, and partnerships

• researching is necessary for dental hygienists to determine a profile much like the initial health history

  • demographics

  • location

  • resources

  • partnerships

faith-based initiatives

• collaboration between the government and religious groups or community groups to improve life for people in need

• partnerships that are instrumental for achieving both domestic and global health promotion priorities

• many religious groups play significant roles in health care, with many religious leaders having a great influence on health care beliefs, and many working diligently to help those in need

• partnerships between faith-based and public sectors

barriers to dental care

• anything that limits and individuals ability to receive dental services

• often a combination of factors

  • may include age, cultural variances, language difficulties, transportation issues, financial limitations, laws preventing dental hygienists from providing dental care in school settings, or even an individuals values

partnerships

• paramount to serving a target population

• community and political leaders, organizations, and other health providers with dental hygienists can improve the community

• collaborative efforts that are multidisciplinary in nature in public health initiatives tend to last longer and be more effective than stand-alone dental programs

culture

• is a complex and multifaceted social phenomenon that has powerful influences on all aspects of modern life

• encompasses attitudes, values, and beliefs

sociocultural theory

• proposed by educational psychologist Lev Vygotsky suggests that an individuals social interaction as a child leads to continuous changes in thought and behavior that can vary greatly from culture to culture

subculture

• refers to a group of people with a culture that differentiates them from the larger culture to which they belong

acculturate

• adapt to another culture by assuming its practices and beliefs to become part of the “great melting pot”

language and communication barriers

• occurs when the provider and patient cannot effectively communicate because they do not share sufficient language ability

• something that can prevent patients from seeking care or reduce the effectiveness of care

cultural sensitivity

• displayed when people are aware of and respect cultural differences during interactions

• recognizing and respecting cultural differences rather than assuming that one’s own cultural practices are universal

cross-cultural communication

• Being able to effectively communicate with those from different cultural backgrounds

• Practice management

  • Stereotyping: oversimplified opinion or prejudice

  • Transcultural communication: ability to interpret and transmit information to someone from a different culture

  • Cultural blind spot syndrome: belief that because a patient or population looks and behaves like the provider that there are no cultural differences

ethnocentrism

• a belief that ones own culture or traditions are better than others

  • cultural biases

  • understanding one’s own culture

appropriate use of interpreters

• the goal is accurate communication, not simply finding someone who can translate words

• should allow the patient to understand information and participate in decision

  • informed consent, complex treatment decisions, medical histories, patient education, research participation

cultural competency

• is defined as the awareness of and respect for an individuals or a populations cultural differences, the recognition of how these differences impact a specific group, and the ability to communicate effectively

cultures role in healthcare

• play an important role because attitudes, beliefs and values concerning wellness, disease, and illness are culturally determined

• communication such as eye contact, gestures, personal space, etc

• health behaviors such as diet, oral hygiene practices, attitudes towards healthcare, and where care is sought are also affected

processes to develop cultural sensitivity

•Assess one’s own cultural beliefs and values.

•Recognize one’s culture influences affecting communication.

•Recognize one’s own cultural biases.

Be knowledgeable of the patient’s belief system.

•Be sensitive to gestures, concerns, and questions.

•Be able to collect culturally relevant data concerning the population’s health background and level of understanding of the presenting problems.

•Listen and observe.

•Be aware and respectful of cultural differences.

a. target population.

A group from a local church youth group could be considered a

a. target population.

b. target population profile.

c. faith-based initiative.

d. community agency.

a. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

It is important not to frighten child patients. It is better not to tell the truth if a procedure could involve some discomfort.

a. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

b. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

c. Both statements are true.

d. Both statements are false.

a. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

aith-based initiatives funded by the federal government do not generally include health care.

a. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

b. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

c. Both statements are true.

d. Both statements are false

c. to ensure social services for the population.

Social workers and dental hygienists can work together during programs for target populations

a. to provide dental hygiene care.

b. to assess dental health.

c. to ensure social services for the population.

d. to implement periodontal treatment

c. barrier to care.

Inconvenient office hours of a dental practice can become a

a. target population profile technique.

b. faith-based issue.

c. barrier to care.

d. long-term strategic plan.

c. Both statements are true.

The fact that only a small number of minorities work in the oral health care professions may be considered a barrier to oral health care. A study of the racial and ethnic composition of the health care workforce reveals that the dental workforce is the least diverse of all the health professions.

a. The first statement is true; the second statement is

false.

b. The first statement is false; the second statement is

true.

c. Both statements are true.

d. Both statements are false.

c. Language barrier

Which of the following could prevent a patient from seeking care or reduce effectiveness of care?

a. Unhealthy behaviors

b. Severe pain

c. Language barrier

d. None of the above

a. a melting pot.

A country in which people strive to acculturate into a new society and make valiant attempts to change their cultural patterns to those of their host society is colloquially called

a. a melting pot.

b. a salad bowl.

c. jello.

d. amalgam.

d. All of the above

Which of the following is/are guidelines to effective communication?

a. Assess one’s own cultural beliefs and values

b. Recognize those cultural influences affecting

communication

c. Understand a patient’s belief system

d. All of the above

c. Both statements are true

Cross-cultural dental hygiene is the effective integration of the population’s socioethnocultural background into the process of care. Recognizing how your culture influences your values, behaviors, beliefs, and decision making is part of cross-cultural dental hygiene.

a. The first statement is true; the second statement is

false.

b. The first statement is false; the second statement is

true.

c. Both statements are true.

d. Both statements are false.

paradigm

• is an outstandingly clear framework that explains a concept or theory

• all possess common threads necessary in developing programs

• in dental public health, provides the framework for developing and implementing a community program

community program planning sequence

• ADPIED

• assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation, documentation

the first pardagrim

• developed in 1927 by Dr. A. C. Fones

• reflected the efforts at that time to include dental hygiene in existing systems to prevent and cure disease

• emphasized prevention

  • Health side = efforts to prevent disease

  • Sickness side = ways that people became ill

the logic model

• has been used as a method to help to guide the program planning process

• originally used as a program evaluation tool for identifying performance measures

  • input - what are the resources?

  • activities - what are the activities or strategies?

  • outputs - what is produced?

  • outcomes - impacts?

precede -proceed model

• another logic planning paradigm that focuses on a chance process that focuses on outcome, not merely the activities

• 7 phases

• identify desired result → set priorities → identify factors→ PROCEED→ implementation→ process evaluation→ impact evaluation

precede

• stands for predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling constructs in educational/environmental diagnosis and evaluation

• represents the process that __, or leads up to, an intervention

proceed

• spells out policy, regulatory, and organizational constructs in educational and environmental development

• true to name

• describes how to ___, or continue with the intervention itself

assessment program planning

• via surveys, existing data, or dental screening

  • assess populations dental needs

  • demographics

  • facility available and state

  • workforce needed and available

  • existing resources

  • funding needed

dental hygiene diagnosis program planning

• analyze assessment information and identify/prioritize needs

• diagnose to provide goals and objectives for blueprint

planning (program planning)

• develop program blueprint

• identify methods to measure goals

• address constraints and possible alternatives

implementation program planning

• begin program operation

• revise and make changes identified as needed

• identify workforce and operation management

evaluation program planning

• measure to determine success in meeting goals via surveys and dental indexes

• make qualitative and quantitative evaluation

• make ongoing revisions as needed

documentation program planning

• document all data and information throughout stages

a. Identify methods to measure goals

Which of the following is part of the planning phase of program development?

a. Identify methods to measure goals

b. Assess the population’s dental needs

c. Begin program operation

d. Revise program as needed

c. Prevention of disease

Dr. Fones’s original paradigm for the school dental hygienist program focused on

a. Restoration

b. Utilization of a case manager

c. Prevention of disease

d. All of the above

d. Athletic mouth guard program

Which school program is particularly advantageous for middle school athletes?

a. Sealant program

b. School fluoridation

c. Case management

d. Athletic mouth guard program

a. Assessment

During which stage of the program paradigm planning should the target population’s needs be identified?

a. Assessment

b. Dental hygiene diagnosis

c. Planning

d. Evaluation

c. Both statements are true

A dental hygienist employed in a nursing home could provide routine preventive care. In addition, the dental hygienists could have a collaborative relationship with a dentist, so that restorative and urgent care is provided as need.

a. The first statement is true; the second statement is

false.

b. The first statement is false; the second statement is

true.

c. Both statements are true.

d. Both statements are false.

evidence-based practice

• using the best research, clinical experience, and patient preferences to make treatment decisions

• the concept in dental hygiene means that students learn the practice, of dental hygiene, based on independent research done by other practitioners and scientists as reported in peer-reviewed medical and dental hygiene journals

• combination of best evidence, clinical experience, and patient preferences

scientific method

• step-by-step process used to answer research questions

• is a body of techniques using observation, reason, and experimentation to gather empirical and measurable evidence

• accuracy of research determines usefulness of information and conclusions that can be drawn

steps of scientific method

1. name the problem or question

2. form an educated guess (hypothesis) of the cause of the problem and make predictions based on the hypothesis

3. test hypothesis by doing and experiment or study (with proper controls)

4. check and interpret results

5. report results to the scientific community

literature review

• Review of all pertinent reports and studies to determine what is currently known about the issue published. need to be critically evaluated

• helps researcher

  • understand previous research

  • identify gaps in knowledge

  • avoid unnecessarily repeating research

  • determine what methods have already been used

  • establish the significance of the study

  • support the research/hypothesis

role of research in dental hygiene

• cornerstone of the profession

• first study evaluated the outcomes of dental hygiene care in schools

• needs to be conducted to validate current methods of practice as well as to investigate new methods and get rid of obsolete practices

• goals should include improving the public’s oral heath and promoting the profession

research questions

• The question a study is trying to answer

• research always begins with this and sets the research process in motion

• can later develop into a hypothesis

research proposal

• detailed plan for study created after the hypothesis

• involves several steps

• used not only to validate the significance of the research, but also to secure fundings

piolot study

• a version of a proposed study

• is conducted on a small, sometimes intentionally chosen sample

• trial run to work out unforeseen errors in the overall plan for a study, which is known as a research design

population vs sample

• population: the entire group the researcher is interested in

• sample: subset of the population that actually participates in the study

convenience sampling

• is a sample of individuals who are most readily available to be selected for the study

random sampling

• every possible subject is selected independently and has equal chance of being selected

• increases validity of study

systemic sampling

• samples every “nth” subject, which can be determined by dividing the total population size by the desired sampling size

case-control research

• analytic retrospective study

• begins with a case of people who have the condition and a control of people who do not

• the researcher then looks backward (retrospective) to determine whether exposure to a suspected risk factor differed between groups

washout period

• a period of time with no treatment

• allows for all of any administered drug to be eliminated from the body and reduces effect of first treatment on the second

double-blind study

• most experimental research conducted

• research projects in which neither the subjects nor the investigators know who is in the control (or placebo) group and who is in the other group (independent) that receives treatment

• reliable because it eliminates researchers bias

experimental research

• also known as a clinical trial

• studies an experiemntal treatment or intervention using a dependent variable whose valye or outcome is determined by that of one or more variables then manipulates independent variable

• involves actively manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on the dependent variable

quasi-experimental research

• study that resembles an experiment but lacks one or more characteristics of a true experiment

• lacks inherent control and results may be used when planning other studies

• could use historical finding as a control

placebo

• is an inactive treatment/substance used as a comparison in research

• “phony treatment”

• can be a control , should have no effect on the condition being treated