ADHD

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A developmental disorder classified by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity.

Inattentive type

One of the three types of ADHD characterized by symptoms such as often being distracted, difficulty staying focused, and disorganization.

Hyperactive/impulsive type

One of the three types of ADHD where individuals exhibit excessive movement, inability to remain seated, and impulsive behaviors.

Combined type

A classification of ADHD that requires symptoms from both the inattentive type and hyperactive/impulsive type.

Diagnosis of ADHD

Based on symptoms that have occurred over the past 6 months, with an onset age typically before 12 years.

Persistent pattern

Key feature of ADHD where inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity significantly impact development.

Social rejection

Common issue experienced by children with ADHD due to challenges in social interactions.

Academic performance

Often negatively affected in children with ADHD, leading to difficulties in school.

Comorbid disorders

Other disorders, such as ASD or OCD, that may occur alongside ADHD, complicating diagnosis and treatment.

Genetic factors of ADHD

ADHD is highly heritable, with genetics accounting for up to 80% of its risk, particularly among first-degree relatives.

Dopamine reuptake

A pathway implicated in ADHD, where certain genes associated with dopamine regulation may contribute to the disorder.

ADHD prevalence

Approximately 7.6% globally, with a male to female ratio of about 3:1.

Cultural context of ADHD

Diagnosis of ADHD is influenced by cultural norms, especially concerning academic achievement.

Brain areas affected by ADHD

Includes the frontal cortex, parietal lobe, and cerebellar regions, which are involved in attention and impulse control.

Frontostriatal circuit

Neural pathways connecting frontal lobe regions with the striatum, critical for cognitive and behavioral functions.

Pharmacological treatment of ADHD

Typically involves psychostimulant medications like methylphenidate (Ritalin) or amphetamines (Adderall), which are effective in 70-90% of cases.

Mechanism of ADHD medications

They increase the availability of dopamine in the brain by blocking its reabsorption within synapses.

Ethics of ADHD treatment

Concerns regarding overmedication and the generalization of adult medication studies to children, along with long-term side effects.

Self-resolution of ADHD

Symptoms of ADHD may improve as a child ages, raising questions about the necessity and timing of intervention.