Chemistry Properties, Separation, and Laws

Intensive Property

Does not depend on the amount of substance (e.g., density, melting point, color).

Extensive Property

Depends on the amount of substance (e.g., mass, volume, total energy).

Filtration

Separates an insoluble solid from a fluid using a filter (e.g., removing sand from water).

Evaporation

Removes a liquid by turning it to gas, leaving dissolved solids (e.g., recovering salt).

Distillation

Separates using boiling point differences; vapor is collected and condensed.

Chromatography

Separates substances based on how they travel through a material (e.g., ink pigments).

Decanting

Carefully pours off a liquid from a settled solid or another liquid layer.

Compound

Pure substance of two or more elements chemically bonded in a fixed ratio (e.g., H₂O, CO₂).

Element

Pure substance containing only one type of atom; cannot be broken down chemically.

Mixture

Two or more substances physically combined in variable proportions (e.g., air, salt water).

Law of Definite Proportions

A particular compound always contains the same elements in the same mass proportion.

Law of Multiple Proportions

Mass ratios of one element combining with a fixed mass of another form small whole numbers.

Filtration (Real-life example)

Example: Making coffee with a paper filter. Separated: The filter traps coffee grounds while liquid coffee passes through.

Evaporation (Real-life example)

Example: Producing sea salt in shallow ponds. Separated: Water evaporates, leaving salt behind.

Distillation (Real-life example)

Example: Making distilled water. Separated: Water boils into vapor, then cools into liquid in a separate container, leaving dissolved salts behind.

Chromatography (Real-life example)

Example: Testing the dyes in candy coating. Separated: Dissolved dyes travel different distances along chromatography paper, separating the colors.

Decanting (Real-life example)

Example: Pouring clear water off muddy water after the dirt settles. Separated: Water is poured away while the settled dirt stays at the bottom.