General Pathology Final Study Guide (Sections V - VII)

THIS IS NOT MY SET!!!! THIS IS BY QUIZLET USER cougslife5!!!!!!!!

Cancer is the __ leading cause of death in the US

2nd

The most common CA incidence is

skin

The most common CA incidence (excluding skin) is

prostate/breast

The second most common CA incidence (excluding skin) is

lung

The third most common CA incidence (excluding skin) is

colon/rectal

The most common cause of CA death is

lung

The second most common cause of CA death is

prostate/breast

The third most common cause of CA death is

colon/rectal

When CA signs/symptoms are reduced, this is known as

remission

When there are no traces of cancer left, with no recurrence, this is known as

cure

"New growth, tumor"

neoplasia

Study of cancer

Oncology

Cancer is a ____ disorder

genetic (DNA and genes)

Tumors that are well-localized with a more favorable prognosis are likely

benign

Tumors that do not metastasize, are encapsulated, and are well-differentiated are

benign

Tumors like chondromas, lipomas, and fibromas, and adenomas are

benign

EXCEPTIONS to the benign tumor nomenclature include:

-glioblastoma= brain tumor

-melanoma= skin tumor

-lymphoma= lymphocytes tumor

Benign tumors of capillary endothelia are known as

hemangioma

A benign epithelial neoplasm from glandular tissue is

adenoma

A benign epithelial neoplasm with finger-like fronds is called

papilloma

The most common (benign) tumor of the breast is a

fibroadenoma

what type of tumor arises from germ cells and embryonic cells

teratoma

Tumors that may metastasize, are invasive, and are thus considered cancer are called

malignant

Benign vs Malignant naming

-Benign= cell type + oma

-Malignant= cell type + sarcoma/ carcinoma

The EXCEPTIONS to the malignant tumor nomenclature include:

lymphoma, leukemia, melanoma

A sarcoma primarily affects what tissue?

Mesenchyme (mesoderm)

-bone, muscle, cartilage, vessels

What age group do sarcomas affect?

Any age - including children

>90% of all cancer cases are

carcinomas

A carcinoma primarily affects what tissue?

epithelial (ectoderm/ endoderm)

-lung, breast, colon, skin

Carcinomas affect primarily what age range?

mid-to-late adulthood

How closely cells resemble their mature precursors

differentiation

-due to the degree of specialization

Poorly differentiated cells with severe loss of function

anaplasia

What is pleomorphism? What is it due to?

- various cell sizes/ shapes

-due to irregular growth/ increased malignant potential

Differentiation is inversely correlated with

rate-of-growth

The most reliable indicator of malignancy

metastasis (spreading to a remote/secondary site)

Invasion of natural body cavities is known as

seeding

The most common form of metastatic spread for carcinomas

Lymphatics

The nearest lymph node from the tumor site is....

Sentinel Lymph Node

Hematogenous metastasis is the most common form of spread for...

sarcomas

-it spreads through the venous circulation

What is the "stages" of cancer

1. Dysplasia

2. Carcinoma in Situ

3. Invasive Carcinoma

Is dysplasia considered cancerous?

No

Is a "Carcinoma In Situ" considered cancerous?

Yes

Carcinoma in situ is

early neoplasia (still well-localized)

T/F. Invasive carcinoma is locally destructive and more aggressive

True

Benign tumors are more likely to be

well-differentiated

Carcinomas are most likely to metastasize via the

lymphatics

T/F. Invasive benign tumors may metastasize.

False

A tumor that is encapsulated means that it is more likely to be ___ and ___

noninvasive; benign

Cells that are ___ are more likely to grow rapidly

highly anaplastic

Stage zero cancers are best described as ___ lesions.

in situ

Sarcomas are most likely to metastasize via the

blood

Stage zero cancers have yet to penetrate their surrounding_____

basement membrane

A fibroadenoma that is discovered within the breast is most likely ___

a benign mass

The ultimate cause of cancer is

genetic alterations

Cancer-related deaths are biased toward which gender?

Male

Cancer rates are declining due to the changing

culture--> decreased smoking rates

Around 20% of all adult deaths occur by cancer, commonly in what age range?

55-75

Around __% of childhood deaths are from cancer

10

The USA has a high rate of cancer, primarily due to

diet

Africa's cancer rates are primarily due to

hepatitis

Japan's cancer rates are primarily due to

H. pylori

Preneoplastic lesions are mostly

acquired

G.I. adenomas have up to __% malignant transformation.

50

Leukoplakia has up to a 15% transformation rate and is due to

tobacco use

Actinic keratosis has a _-_% transformation rate

5-10

Smoke, alcohol, x-rays, and the Epstein-Barr virus are all examples of

carcinogens

What genes in their normal state regulate cellular growth?

proto-oncogenes

What genes are mutated, causing abnormal growth promotion?

oncogenes

Oncogenes cause

unregulated growth

Tumor suppressor genes function to

control/limit growth

Mutation of tumor suppressor genes will

decrease their activity

When segments of chromosomes are swapped, where the new location does not have normal regulatory mechanisms, this is deemed

balanced translocation

Deletions deactivate

tumor suppressor genes

Gene amplifications cause overexpression of

proto-oncogenes

An example (used in lecture) of a gene amplification is the __ gene

HER2

Epigenetic modifications cause changes in

gene expression

Emerging features of cancer include

altered metabolism; Warburg effect

Cancer is insensitive to growth-inhibition due to decreased activity of

tumor suppressor genes

The RB gene works to

regulate growth (through DNA synthesis)

What infection may inactivate Rb?

HPV (- oncovirus)

The most commonly mutated gene in cancers is

TP53

p53 is responsible for

monitoring cellular stressors

A pause in the cell cycle is called

quiescence

Stopping the cell cycle but not cell death

senescence

Inherited mutations of TP53

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

T/F. Somatic mutations of TP53 are most common.

True

The Warburg effect describes how cells rely on

aerobic glycolysis

Chronic myelogenous leukemia is an example of

balanced translocation

Cells are limited to ___ mm to ___ mm of diffusion without new blood vessel growth

1-2

T/F. Angiogenesis stimulated by a tumor is well-structured.

False

Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) is caused by an accumulation of

DNA mismatch

Xeroderma Pigmentosum is caused by a defect in

nucleotide excision repair

BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes can increase the risk of breast cancer by what mechanism?

homologous recombination

BRCA1/2 accounts for what percent of familial breast cancer?

50%

Individuals with the BRCA1/2 mutations have up to a __% chance of developing ___ cancer.

70, breast

T/F. Chronic inflammation is related to an increased cancer risk.

True

Tumor-promoting inflammation causes the inflammation by

releasing growth factors, angiogenesis, and local invasion

What viruses were described as carcinogenic agents in lecture?

HPV (16 & 18), EBV, Hep B/C

Basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas are from

total UV exposure

Melanomas are due to

intense UV exposure