4.4 GROUP PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS (GROUP 4)

GROUP IVA - CARBON FAMILY

• Non-metal to metalloid

• Exhibit 2+ to 4+ Oxidation state

GROUP IVA - CARBON FAMILY

• elements

Carbon

Silicon

Germanium

Tin

Lead

Carbon (C)

• physical properties

able to do catenation & hybridization

Catenation

only element that can form multiple bonds in itself; chain/ring-formation

Carbon (C)

• 2 allotropes

• crystalline (graphite, diamond)

• amorphous (bituminous, anthracite, coke)

Graphite

• Planar 

• Talc or Mg silicate (softest)

Diamond

• Tetrahedral 

• Purest native form of uncombined carbon 

• Hardest mineral known

Bituminous

soft coal

anthracite

hard coal

coke

• impure carbon

• coal heated strongly in the absence of air

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

• Treatment of acne, warts, corns, callus, and eczema

• Most potent respiratory stimulant

Carbon trioxide (CO₃)

• Antacid 

• For effervescent tablet

Carbon monoxide (CO)

210x greater affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen leading to asphyxia then death

Carbon monoxide (CO)

• toxicity treatment

• 100% O₂ 

• Artificial air (He 80%, & O₂ 20%) 

• Hyperbaric O₂

Silicon (Si)

• physical properties

• 2nd most abundant element 

• Forms oxides which occur in nature

Silicon (Si)

• toxicity

silicosis

Silicon (Si)

• chemical cmpds

Glass

Kaolin

Purified Siliceous Earth

Bentonite

Talc

Attapulgite

Simethicone

Glass

Na₂CO₃ + Pure Silica

Kaolin

adsorbent

Purified Siliceous Earth

absorbent

Bentonite

• aka

 Soap clay, Mineral Soap, Native Colloidal Hydrated Magnesium Silicate

Bentonite

suspending agent

Talc

• Clarifying agent 

• Dusting agent

Attapulgite

• aka

Polymagma, Diatabs, Quintess

Attapulgite

Adsorbent

Simethicone

• Polymeric dimethyl siloxane

• Antiflatulence

Germanium (Ge)

• physical properties

eka-silicon

Germanium (Ge)

• use

immunostimulant

antitumor

Tin (Sn)

• aka

stannum

Tin (Sn)

• physical properties

• The lower oxidation is electrostatic

• The higher oxidation is covalent

Tin (Sn)

• use

Used in preparation of tin can

Stannous Fluoride (SnF₂)

• Tin difluoride 

• Anticariogenic 8% solution 

• Topical fluoride application

Stannous Oxide (SnO)

Germicide for Staphylococcus infection

Lead (Pb)

• aka

plumbum

Lead (Pb)

• physical properties

Most metallic of the group

Lead (Pb)

• use

• astringent

• protein precipitant

Lead (Pb)

• poisoning

plumbism

Lead (Pb)

• antidote

• EDTA or Calcium Versenate 

Source of Poisoning  (lead)

• Lead pipes 

• Paints 

• Batteries 

• Canned goods

Lead (II) Acetate Pb(C₂H₃O₂) or Pb(CH₃COO)₂

• aka

Lead acetate, Sugar of Lead, Goulard’s powder

Lead (II) Acetate Pb(C₂H₃O₂) or Pb(CH₃COO)₂

• astringent

• antiseptic

Lead Oxide (PbO)

litharge

GROUP IVB - TITANIUM SUBGROUP

• All members of the group occur in nature only in combined state

• Oxidation state +2,+4

• Valence: 4 

• Possess amphoteric property and their cation readily form complex

GROUP IVB - TITANIUM SUBGROUP

• elements

Titanium

Zirconium

Hafnium

Rutherfordium

Titanium (Ti) 

• aka

“Titan", "Sons of the Earth"

Titanium (Ti) 

• physical properties

powerful reducing agent

Titanium dioxide  (TiO₂

• Opacifying agent 

• UV ray protectant

Zirconium (Zr)

• Same use as aluminum, UV ray protectant

• Banned due to granuloma formation

• Former official compound

• Oxide

• Carbon Trioxide

• Used as antiperspirant and for athlete's foot