DH225 Quiz #3 Ch. 14-20

A unique scientific body of knowledge

discipline

Inclusion of experience, research, clinical practice, and patient preference when providing dental hygiene care

evidence-based practice

a subdiscipline of a scientific body of knowledge

field of study

Using observation reason and experimentation to gather evidence that is empirical and measurable

scientific method

The ability to govern one’s profession and to basically be self-determined and directed as a profession

autonomy

Requires that existing harm be removed

beneficence

Established norms of conduct in performing research that distinguish between morally acceptable and unacceptable behavior

bioethics

The responsibility of confidentiality under well-known legal and ethical standards

HIPAA

Ethical consideration that requires educating a subject in a research study to be educated about the studies, purpose, duration, experimental procedure, procedures, alternatives risks, and benefits

informed consent

Entity charged with reviewing the ethical implications of every research study

IRB

Refers to providing patients, test subjects, or populations with what is owed due or deserved

justice

Plagiarism, copyright or patent infringement falsifying or fabricating data, misrepresenting data, and conflict of interest

misconduct

A healthcare providers first obligation to the patient is to do not harm

nonmaleficence

Doing what is best for the patient according to his/her ability and judgment

paternalism

Being honest

veracity

Information collected by a researcher using various methods from questionnaires to clinical testing

data

Variety of methods, including surveys case studies, developmental studies, document or content analysis, trend studies, and correlation studies used in research

descriptive approach

Type of most experimental research in which neither the subjects nor the investigators know who is in the control (placebo) group and who is in the other (independent) group that receives the experimental treatment

double-blind study

Research study also known as a clinical trial that studies an experimental treatment or intervention

experimental approach

Research designed to determine the meaning of past events by reviewing records and literature and conducting interviews

historical approach

Question that is developed to be answered by a study

hypothesis

Examination of all pertinent reports, and studies to determine what is currently known about a specific topic or issue

literature review

Version of a proposed study that is carried out on a small, sometimes intentionally chosen sample

pilot study

Independent variable used with a research control group that is not the factor being studied, but a non-treatment sometimes referred to as a sugar pill, but more likely to be either a standard drug of choice for a disease or a standard treatment procedure against which the experimental one is being compared

placebo

Research design that lacks inherent control

Quasi-experimental approach

Type of research used to obtain information of all types: involve observation, description, measurement analysis, and interpretation of occurring phenomena

research approach

Overall plan for conducting a study

research design

Protocol or detailed plan for a study

research proposal

Research that looks backward to investigate a group of people with a particular disease usually via medical records, after the fact

retrospective approach

Technique used when selecting a sample from a population to study

sampling techniques

Quantity whose value may change over the course of a research study

variable

Period of time and research with no treatment and drug trials allowed for all of any administered drug to be eliminated from the body.

washout period

Data analysis and interpretation in healthcare research

biostatistics

Concept that certain exposure will result in a particular outcome

causality

Relationship or association between variables that can be measured mathematically

correlation

Number of values or observations that are free to vary when computing a statistic

degrees of freedom

Procedures that are used to summarize organize and describe quantitative data

descriptive statistics

Data generally presented by describing and summarizing them to make inferences or generalizations about a population based on data taken from a sample of that population

inferential statistics

Measures used to describe this central tendency of data within a research study

Measure of central tendency

Identification of how much variation is present in a group of data and description of the distribution of data within a research study

Measure of dispersion

Curve in which the majority of subjects will fall under the large part of the middle with a few low and high outliers, a bell curve representing the mean, median and mode

normal distribution

Probability that the findings of a study are due to chance

p value

Consistency or degree to which an instrument will produce the same results on repeated trials within the same population every time the characteristic is measured

reliability

Classification of data as nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio

scales of measurement

Description of distribution as asymmetrical scores, causing the curve to be distorted or skewed

skewed distribution

Degree to which a research study measured what It was supposed to measure, and that can be generalized to the entire population

validity

Study of the nature cause control and determinant of the frequency and distribution of disease, disability and death in human populations

epidemiology

Factors - host, agent, environment - organized by epidemiologist to demonstrate the interaction and interrelatedness of these factors over time and bringing about a disease or condition

epidemiology triangle

Approach that assumes that a disease or condition has multiple causes

multifactorial

Study of the amount distribution, determine and control of oral disease and oral health conditions among given populations

oral epidemiology

Ongoing observation, persistent, watching over scrutiny, constant monitoring and assessment of changes and populations related to disease, conditions, injuries disabilities, or death trends

surveillance

Number of new cases of a disease in a population over a given period of time

incidence

Ratio of sick or affected individuals to well individuals in a community

morbidity

Ratio of the number of deaths from a given disease or health problems to the total number of cases reported

mortality

Number of all existing cases of a disease in a population measured at a given point

prevalence

Section of a study report that outlines its content by concisely stating its purpose significance previous findings, methodology results and suggestions for future studies and no more than 250 words

abstract

Published articles that have been reviewed for content and accuracy by peers

peer reviewed

Website that includes more than 17 million citations from Medline and life science journals for biomedical articles back to the 50s

PubMed

Description of publications that includes peer reviewed articles

refereed

Rules of order imposed by an executive authority or government agency governing practice

regulation

Referring to an adequate number of subjects within a research study

sample size

Research study, whose results show the quality of being statistically important

statistical significance