Vaccinations for Farm Animals Year 2 Pop Block 3

What are the goals of a vaccination program?

• determine diseases to prevent and control

• set goals by animal type and age

• work with veterinarian or extension agent

• understand immunity and protection levels

Advantages of killed vaccines and toxoids

• safe

• no spread

• minimal abortion risk

Disadvantages of killed vaccines and toxoids

• two doses

• slower immunity

• higher cost

advantages of modified live vaccines

• rapid

• strong immunity

• often lower cost

disadvantages of modified live vaccines

• abortion risk

• careful timing and mixing required

chemically altered vaccines

• share many MLV advantages

• safety similar to killed vaccines

• usually require two doses

vaccines in US sheep, goats, and cattle

• calf scours vaccines

• clostridial vaccinations for livestock

  • C, D, and T

  • histotoxic disease, neurotoxic disease, enteric disease

  • haemolyticum, novyi, sordelli, chauvoei, novyi tybe B, septicum, botulinum, perfringens type A, tetani

• bovine respiratory disease vaccinations

  • BRD

  • BRD + bacterial

• brucellosis vaccines

Why is calf scours important?

#1 cause of morbidity and mortality in first 6 months of life

vaccination for calf scours

vaccination of dam induce production of antibodies that may reduce severity of diarrhea, in turn also reduces severity of potential respiratory disease

clostridium perfringens types C and D in lambs

• after lambs are born, nurse off dam and obtain colostral antibodies that protect young 3-4 weeks

  • vaccinated dams produce high titer antibodies in colostrum before birthing

• since young-stock immunity to these diseases is minimal <4 wks after birth

  • make sure dam is vaccinated prior to birthing to get young animals through a month of age

Clostridium perfringens types C and D calves

• seen in large operations

• associate with late claving or contamination of barn or pasture where newborns are born and housed

• over calving period, pathogens build up in pasture and lead to increased frequency of disease

what is special about clostridium perfringens type A vaccine?

autogenous vaccine = made from bacteria isolated to specific carm

vaccination of ruminants with clostridium bacterin vaccines

• bacterial agents in environment

• most infections result in severe illness, death

• surviving illness results in poor performance

• black leg commonly associated with sudden death

bovine respiratory disease vaccines

• result of problems during neonatal stage of development

• majority of vaccines include 4 most common viral agents resulting in dysfunction of respiratory tract and promote colonization of bacterial agents in lungs

• some vaccines have viral agents with important bacterial species

• most vaccines best used in pregnant adult

• use in calves 3-6 months of age

What are the three major bacteria associated with bovine respiratory disease?

• mannheimia hemolytica

• pasteurella multocida

• histophilus somnii

brucellosis

• gram negative bacteria

• vaccine made of genetically modified strain of bacteria

• virulent to humans

• most states have eradicated or use vaccine to prevent outbreaks

recommended vaccines for calves and bulls

• IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)

• BVD (bovine viral diarrhea)

• PI3 (parainfluenza 3)

• BRSV (bovine respiratory syncytial virus)

• Lepto (5 way)

• vibriosis

• annual schedule

optional vaccines for cows and bulls

• trichomoniasis

• pinkeye

• blackleg 7 way

• anthrax

• anaplasmosis

breeding animal vaccines

• vaccinate 6-8 weeks before breeding

• IBR/BVD/PI3/BRSV

• leptospirosis

• vibriosis

• trichomoniasis

nursing calf vaccine recommendations

• 7 way clostridial

• IBR/BVD/PI3/BRSV

• consider leptospirosis for replacements

vaccines for feeder and stocker calves

• consider based on calves, farm, and production practices

• consider prior vaccination and type of vaccine

  • IBR/BVD/PI3/BRSV

  • 7 way clostridial

  • mannheimia haemolytica

  • pasteurella multocida

vaccination program for calves

• pre weaning

  • blackleg 7 way

  • IBR/BVD/PI3, leptospirosis

• post weaning

  • brucellosis for heifers

heifer vaccination schedule

• before breeding

  • IBR, BVD-PI3, BRSV, vibriosis, leptospirosis, blackleg 7 way

• brucellosis during calfhood or pre-breeding

additional calf vaccinations

• BRSV

• pasteurella

• haemophilus somnus

• pinkeye

• anthrax

• anaplasmosis

• no modified lives in nursing calves

Understanding vaccine label claims

• prevention of infection

• prevention of disease

• aid in disease prevention

• aid in disease control

• safe

What to consider when customizing a vaccination program

• geography

• herd type

• new stock introductions

• shipping requirements

• herd history

economic benefits of prevention

• annual vaccine program cost $3-$10 per cow-calf unit

• lower disease losses and better profitability

When is vaccination not a tool?

• sudden mortality in cattle

• pinkeye vaccines or E. coli vaccines