D4 content

The most sensitive EMG surface monitors have electrodes made with what metal?

Silver

Which of the following represents macrotrauma? (Select all that apply)

Fracture; Strain; Sprain

Which output frequency will penetrate deeper into the tissue?

1 MHz

According to the practical evidence, what are the primary uses for compression wraps? (Select all that apply)

Prevent venous pooling; Reduce acute hemorrhage

What is the correct order of electromyographic biofeedback signal processing?

Identify; amplify; rectify; integrate; output

What substance is released by the body and reduces the perception of pain by bonding to pain receptor sites?

Enkephalin

What are the first three steps of the problem-solving approach?

Obtain a medical history; identify patient limitations and restrictions; prioritize problems

Which local response will occur as the body responds to heat loss from cryotherapy?

Decreased metabolic rate

According to the FDA's medical device classification system, what classification would a device get if it presented a great risk to the patient?

Class III

How deep are superficial heating agents able to penetrate?

Less than 2 cm

Which of the following contraindicate the use of therapeutic laser? (Select all that apply)

Application over a fracture; Application over deep-vein thrombosis; Pain in an unfused epiphyseal plate; Application over the thyroid; Application over rheumatoid arthritis

Which component of evidence-based practice carries the least weight when making decisions?

Personal experience

During the healing process, when do you see the formation of granulation tissue and the migration of phagocytes and fibroblasts to the injured area?

Acute inflammatory response

Therapeutic laser is applied at 5 watts for 10 seconds over an area of 10 cm². What is the energy density (J/cm²)?

5 J/cm²

While continuous passive motion can be used on many different joints, what joint is it predominantly used with?

Knee

In what tissue order must the different forms of therapeutic energy pass through to affect the target tissues?

Epithelial; adipose; muscular; nervous; connective

Which is a primary hemodynamic effect of cold application?

Increased blood viscosity

The depth that laser penetrates the body is related to what?

Wavelength

How large of a treatment area can be effectively exposed to ultrasonic energy?

Slightly larger than the diameter of the sound head

What type of tissue is devoid of blood vessels and is able to secrete and absorb various substances?

Epithelial

Laser production requires what essential components? (Select all that apply)

Amplifying medium; Reflective mirror; Mechanism for exciting medium; Partially reflective mirror

What is the highest form of state regulation?

Licensure

Which of the following is reduced during the realignment of collagen that occurs with the use of continuous passive motion? (Select all that apply)

Cross-linking of collagen; Capsular adhesions; Functional shortening of collagen

What type of current does high-voltage pulsed stimulation use?

Monophasic

Which databases are designed to answer clinical questions through the incorporation of publications from multiple databases? (Select all that apply)

Cochrane; PEDro

What term best describes the tort when there is a duty to act but a failure to perform the act?

Nonfeasance

What medical record document provides an ongoing record of the patient's intervention plan?

Treatment record

According to the practical evidence, which type of laser is considered to be the most effective for stimulating tissue healing?

Helium-neon

Light having a wavelength of 780 to 12,500 nm would be classified as what?

Infrared

According to the FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health Laser Classification System, what class of laser has an output that does not exceed 1 mW and may produce visible light?

Class I

Which type of continuous passive motion design provides the most joint stability?

Anatomical

What neurotransmitter is located in the brainstem and will increase blood pressure and cardiac output?

Dopamine

Which structures should be treated with 3-MHz ultrasound? (Select all that apply)

Medial collateral ligament; Patellar tendon; Brachialis

All of the following effects have been attributed to continuous passive motion except which?

Increased nutrition to the anterior cruciate ligament

In which scenarios is heat indicated? (Select all that apply)

To improve range of motion; To encourage tissue healing; To control the inflammatory reaction in its subacute or chronic stages

Which form of continuous passive motion device allows for compensatory motion between the patient's extremity and the carriage of the device?

Nonanatomic design

Pain threshold is often based on the recruitment of which fibers?

A-delta

What is an indication for the use of fluidotherapy?

Joint mobilization

What term is commonly used to represent the small amount of energy absorbed by the body due to its bombardment by electromagnetic energy?

Noise

In which scenarios is electromyographic biofeedback indicated? (Select all that apply)

Facilitate contraction of the biceps femoris; Decrease muscle spasm of erector spinae; Promote systemic relaxation; Regain neuromuscular control of the vastus medialis oblique

According to the general adaptation syndrome, what is the correct order of the three stages of stress response?

Alarm; resistance; exhaustion

Which modality does not deliver energy to the body?

Electromyographic biofeedback

What are likely reasons someone post-ACL surgery would not be able to contract their vastus medialis oblique?

Swelling, pain, and disuse atrophy

Which statement is true concerning placement of surface electrodes when using electromyographic biofeedback?

The electrodes should be placed about 3 cm apart

Which therapeutic modalities can provide mechanical pain reduction by removing swelling, restoring joint motion, decreasing pressure on nerve endings, and restoring blood flow? (Select all that apply)

Continuous passive motion; Intermittent compression; Cervical/lumbar traction

The FDA has approved low-level laser therapy for treatment of what conditions? (Select all that apply)

Carpal tunnel syndrome; Musculoskeletal neck pain; Musculoskeletal shoulder pain

When targeting deeper tissues, how should you place the electrodes?

Farther apart

"Russian" stimulation is an excellent method for what purpose?

Decreasing muscular atrophy

Which is considered an initial result of biofeedback and not a secondary result?

Facilitates reeducation

Which scenario will result in the greatest decrease of subcutaneous tissue temperatures?

Ice bag applied with a compression wrap

What stimulation level has an intensity that produces a visible muscle contraction without causing pain?

Motor-level stimulation

Which is a contraindication to cold application?

All of the above

The application of continuous passive motion stimulates circulation of synovial fluid, enhancing nutrient uptake by what tissue in the knee?

Meniscal cartilage and articular cartilage

What modality carries the greatest risk of frostbite?

Reusable cold pack

As a general rule, treatment tables should be how high and how far apart?

30 inches high; 30 inches apart

While efficacy has not been substantiated, which represent indications for therapeutic laser? (Select all that apply)

Fibromyalgia; Fracture healing; Osteoarthritis

When using biofeedback to facilitate an isometric contraction, how many contractions should treatment be limited to if the muscle group is severely atrophied?

10-15 contractions

What is an indication for the use of iontophoresis?

Arthritis

Which medications commonly administered via phonophoresis target nerves, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues? (Select all that apply)

Hydrocortisone; Dexamethasone 0.4 percent