Psychology Test #3

Frontal Lobe

Voluntary movements

Pre-frontal Lobe

Problem-solving

Partiel Lobe

Pain and Temperature

Occipital Lobe

Vision

Temporal Lobe

Hear, Talk, and Memory

Medulla

Life-sustaining functions

Cerebellum

Voluntary Movements

Thalamus

Relay station (sorts information)

Hypothalamus

Homeostasis (body balanced)

Hippocampus

Consolidate short to long term memories

Amygdala

Process emotions

Manipulated variable (IV)

The researcher changed (primed)

Measured variable (DV)

Measures the effect (first saw)

Operational definition

How the variable will be measured

Experiment

Something was manipulated

Correlation

Shows the relationship by observing

Action potential

1 neuron travels (electric signal)

Synaptic transmission

Communication of 2 neurons

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Controls circadian rhythm

Sensation

Detect environmental stimulus

Perception

Organizes information

Transduction

Converting environmental information

Bottom-up processing

Use your senses

Top-down processing

Use past experiences to determine information

Absolute threshold

Minimum energy needed

Difference threshold

How much more energy is needed to hear a difference

Specialized cortical cells

Vision processing

Unconditioned Stimulus

Environmental trigger

Unconditioned response

Automatic / unlearned response

Conditioned stimulus

Learned environmental trigger

Conditioned Response

Learned reaction

Positive reinforcement

Behavior > gets something good > repeat

Negative reinforcement

Behavior > avoid something bad > repeat

Positive punishment

Behavior > get something bad > stop

Negative punishment

Behavior > Lose something bad > stop

Intermediate schedule

Reward behavior only some of the time

Observational learning

Learning by watching, then imitating it

Bandura’s doll study

2 groups, one gently played with a doll, the other aggressively > baby did what they saw

Latent learning

Behaviors without reward

Cognitive map

Mental layout of physical environment

Encoding

Raw info > usable info (first step)

Storage

Maintains this into (second step)

Retrieval

Locate info back to awareness (final)

Sensory

.5 to 4 seconds and unlimited

Short-term memory

15 to 30 seconds, 5-9 pieces of information

Long-term memory

Infinite + permanent

Chunking

Organizing information into groups

Maintenance rehearsal

Think, verbal repeat just for short

Elaborative rehearsal

Connects something to a memory

Implicit

Long-term the influences your thought automatically

Explicit

Long-term that requires conscious recall

Context-dependent-learning

Retrieve the same as learned (environment)

Episodic Memories

Personal diary (directly to you)

Semantic memories

General knowledge

Procedural memories

Specific actions - motor skills

Eyewitness

Because memories is reconstructive

Analogical Representation

Mental images resemble objects

Symbolic Representation

Abstract mental concepts

Prototype

Most ideal example of category concept

Schemas

Cognitive framework or blueprint to help organize vast amounts of information

Anchoring bias

Rely to much on first piece of information

Representativeness heuristic

Mental shortcut compared to our excisting prototype

Availability heuristic

Frequency of event based on how easily ex pops into your head

Mental set

Approach something as did the past

Insight

Sudden solution of a problem with step by step

Confirmation bias

Solution confirms what you already believe

Hindsight bias

After the solution, you knew all along

Harlow’s research on monkeys. How does this connect to human babies

He used a wire and a cloth mother and the monkey chose comfort over food when it was scared. Human babies need affection and bonding not just food

Secure attachment

trust others, feels comfortable close to others

Avoidant attachment

Avoids close and prefers independence

Ambivalent attachment

Worries about rejection and seeks reassurance

Attachment theories

babies have emotional connection with caregivers

Jean Piaget

Studied development kids were speaking and doing tasks

Zone of proximal development

Learning or teaching, and you hit the sweet spot (not too easy and not too hard)

Scaffolding

Knowledge person provides guidance so a child can learn a skill

Authoritarian parenting

Focus on obedience, high expectations, and fear of failure and low self-esteem

Authoritative parenting

Better outcome! high nurture, better school life and very active in life

Permissive parenting

Indulgent behavior, low expectations, low confidence, no rules

Neglectful parenting

Attention seeking and low in involvement

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

1. Need to go from bottom to top

1. physical (food and water)

2. security (safety)

3. social (family and friendships)

4. esteem (self-worth)

5. self-actualization (not everyone gets here)

Yerkes-dodson law of Arousal

When doing something there is a certain level of arousal

Intrinsic

do something because you enjoy it

Extrinsic

Do something for the outcome

Belongingness

Feeling valued and happy

Theories on emotion: Biological

James-lange, how the body reacts first and interprets the physical reaction as emotion

Two-factor (cognitive)

Emotion then physical arousal

Lie-detector

Measure physiological arousal ex: breathing, skin, and heart rate

It’s not reliable because you can lie and stay calm during it

Positive arousal

Alter emotional reactions

Humor

Laughter improves immune system and releases hormones and dopamine

Distraction

Involves doing or thinking about something other than the troubling thought

Kinzey (40’s-50’s)

Surveys and interviews and wrote books

Masters and Johnson

Actual observations and measurements while they had sex

Sex (biological)

defined by biological characteristics including chromosomes, genes, hormones, male or female

Intersex

Born with variations in chromeosomes, or reproductive anatomy that don’t fit male or female

Gender anatomy

Not completely learned

Transgender

When one’s gender identity does not match what they were assigned at birth

Sex

Biological characteristics

Gender identity

How someone identifies

Sexual orientation

Who you romantically are attracted to