Organelles

Why is the Golgi apparatus compared to a post office?

It sorts and distributes proteins like a shipping and packaging department.

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport within the cell or secretion.

What process occurs at the ribosomes?

Translation, where tRNA and mRNA link amino acids to form proteins.

What are ribosomes made of?

rRNA and various proteins, with large and small subunits.

What is the structure within the chloroplast where the Calvin cycle takes place?

The stroma

Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?

In the chloroplast.

What do vacuoles primarily store?

Water (especially in plant cells).

What are lysosomes and their function?

Small organelles containing enzymes that digest cellular waste.

What happens during protein synthesis?

Proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm, modified in the Rough ER, and sorted in the Golgi apparatus.

What is the role of Rough ER?

Exports proteins and lipids; has ribosomes attached for protein synthesis.

What are the functions of Smooth ER?

Detoxifies toxins, metabolizes carbohydrates, produces hormones/steroids, and performs lipid synthesis.

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Smooth ER and Rough ER.

What unique feature do mitochondria have?

They have their own DNA.

What does the number of folds in mitochondria affect?

The more folds (cristae), the more energy is produced.

What are cristae in the mitochondria?

Folds in the inner membrane that increase surface area for energy production.

What is the main function of mitochondria?

Creates energy for the cell through cellular respiration.

Why is the nucleus called the "brain" of the cell?

Because it controls cellular activities and stores genetic information.

What are the two membranes of the nucleus?

Outer and inner membranes.

What is the primary function of the nucleus?

Protects genetic information and controls cellular activities.

What surrounds the nucleus?

The nuclear envelope.